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Mulder (Demogr Res 15:401–412, 2006 ) argues that homeownership has influences on a household’s fertility decision; however, literatures have concluded different findings regarding whether homeownership promotes or delays a family’s reproduction behavior. In this study, we construct the regional-based panel data comprising 23 counties and cities from 1994 to 2007 in Taiwan to investigate how and to what extent homeownership will affect fertility. Our empirical results show that the private homeownership rate is negatively related to the birthrate in Taiwan. It indicates that, under limited budget resources available in each household, the homeownership and reproduction decisions seem to compete and crowd out each other; however, from the results of the lagged models, the crowding-out effect diminishes as time goes by.

This paper investigates how the relationship between income and working hours in Taiwan has changed over time. By using the official individual sample in the Manpower Utilization Surveys from DGBAS during 1981–2006, this study concludes that higher earners worked fewer hours as the economy is expanding and the price level increases in Taiwan; however, higher earners lose their time privileges as the economy relies on the service sector more than before. Furthermore, with regard to gender differences, it is found that higher earners still have time advantages relative to lower earners over time for male, but not so for female.

在Magnus, Smith, and Wheeler（2003）與Yetman（2007）提出非營利組織以負債融通將對其捐贈收入會產生排擠效果的假說後。本文為首篇探討非營利組織負債融通與捐贈收入關聯性的實證研究。本文分析台灣38間醫療財團法人在2000-2006年資料。研究結果顯示，當醫療財團法人的負債比率較低時，若採用負債融通對其捐贈收入有正向的擠入效果；然而負債比率較高的法人，持續採用負債來融通資金，則對其捐贈收入出現排擠效果，指出兩者間存在非線性關係。至於負債對於醫療財團法人捐贈收入的整體影響，取決上述兩項力量互抵後的效果而定。本文發現臺灣醫療財團法人採用負債融通對其捐贈收入普遍存在擠入效果。我們認為Magnus et al.（2003）與Yetman（2007）僅考慮高負債比率對捐贈收入的排擠效果，而忽略擠入效果。

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the increase in NHI copayments in 2005 on the choice and use of health care. Methods: We analyzed the outpatient utilization of one million NHI enrollees between 2004 and 2006. Because the policy increased only the copayment for hospital visits, it was plausible to expect that the effect would be smaller for individuals residing or working in towns with a lower propensity for visiting hospitals. Therefore, based on the average percentage of clinical care in the town of residence, the sample was separated into three groups: less than 65% (group I), between 65 and 75% (group II), and more than 75% (group III). We then used the Hurdle regression model to examine the effect of the new policy on the probability of health care utilization, and the number of outpatient visits for each group. Results: Our results showed that the increase in copayment significantly reduced the probability and the number of outpatient visits. We estimated that outpatient u

Debt financing has been discussed extensively in corporate finance; however, previous studies seldom apply it to not-for-profit hospitals. Magnus et al. (2003) and Yetman (2007) argued that debt financing would have a negative impact on the charitable donations of notfor-profit hospitals, but they did not provide empirical evidence. This study is the first paper to investigate the relationship between debt financing and donation revenue by using 38 notfor-profit hospitals from 2000 to 2006 in Taiwan. According to our empirical results, we have proved that debt financing has both a crowd-in effect and crowd-out effect on not-forprofit hospitals’ donations. The crowd-in effect tends to exist in low debt ratio hospitals, while the crowd-out effect is often found to exist in not-for-profit hospitals with higher debt ratios. We therefore conclude that Magnus et al. (2003) and Yetman (2007) only proposed the crowd-out effect of debt financing for not-for-profit hospitals; however, they did not consider the possible crowd-in effect of debt financing as we have demonstrated in this study.

目標：本文探討2005年健保局調高部分負擔對民眾醫療利用和就醫選擇影響。方法：本文使用2005年健保百萬歸人檔中的西醫門診資料來分析政策效果。由於2005年部分負擔調高僅侷限於醫院，政策效果理應依民眾所屬鄉鎮使用診所高低而有差別。本文因而將病患經常就醫鄉鎮按平均診所就醫比例區分三組：低於65%（分組Ⅰ），65%-75%（分組Ⅱ），高於75%（分組Ⅲ），採障礙模型(Hurdle model)估計部分負擔調高後對各組就醫機率與次數影響。結果：部分負擔調整顯著減少就醫機率及門診次數。整體而言，調漲後半年門診次數減少0.34次（或6.1%），其中醫院次數為0.07次，高層級醫院為0.01次。更重要的是，各分組間政策效果存在相當差異。處於使用醫院最高比例鄉鎮（分組Ⅰ）民眾，降低醫院（和高層級醫院）利用；相反的，處於使用醫院比例最低鄉鎮（分組Ⅲ）民眾，增加醫院（和高層級醫院）利用。這估計結果即使將樣本時間延長至政策前後一年仍相同。結論：部分負擔調高的確減少就診次數，降低民眾醫療利用。另外，政策效果會依民眾經常就醫地點而有顯著差異。一個可能解釋為醫院服務的容量限制(capacity constraint)。因醫院存在容量限制，使得鄰近醫院的分組Ⅰ民眾較易接受醫院服務，但是當部分負擔調漲使得分組Ⅰ民眾降低醫院就醫，此時就醫距離較遠鄉鎮民眾（分組Ⅲ）填補原先醫院門診空缺，使得分組Ⅲ民眾醫院利用反而在部分負擔調高後有所增加。

This paper utilizes wealth shocks from winning lottery prizes to examine the causal effect of financial resources on fertility. We employ extensive panels of administrative data encompassing over 0.4 million lottery winners in Taiwan and implement a triple-differences design. Our analyses reveal that a substantial lottery win can significantly increase fertility, the implied wealth elasticity of which is around 0.06. Moreover, the primary channel through which fertility increases is by prompting first births among previously childless individuals. Finally, our analysis reveals that approximately 25% of the total fertility effect stems from increased marriage rates following a lottery win.

Using administrative data on Taiwanese lottery winners, this paper examines the effects of cash windfalls on entrepreneurship. We compare the start-up decisions of households winning more than 1.5 million NTD (50,000 USD) in the lottery in a particular year with those of households winning less than 15,000 NTD (500 USD). Our results suggest that a substantial windfall increases the likelihood of starting a business by 1.5 percentage points (125% from the baseline mean). Startup wealth elasticity is 0.25 to 0.36. Moreover, households who tend to be liquidity-constrained drive the windfall-induced entrepreneurial response. Finally, we examine how households with a business react to a cash windfall and find that serial entrepreneurs are more likely to start a new business but do not change their decision to continue the current business.

在Magnus, Smith, and Wheeler（2003）與Yetman（2007）提出非營利組織以負債融通將對其捐贈收入會產生排擠效果的假說後。本文為首篇探討非營利組織負債融通與捐贈收入關聯性的實證研究。本文分析台灣38間醫療財團法人在2000－2006年資料。研究結果顯示，當醫療財團法人的負債比率較低時，若採用負債融通對其捐贈收入有正向的擠入效果；然而負債比率較高的法人，持續採用負債來融通資金，則對其捐贈收入出現排擠效果，指出兩者間存在非線性關係。至於負債對於醫療財團法人捐贈收入的整體影響，取決上述兩項力量互抵後的效果而定。本文發現臺灣醫療財團法人採用負債融通對其捐贈收入普遍存在擠入效果。我們認為Magnus et al.（2003）與Yetman（2007）僅考慮高負債比率對捐贈收入的排擠效果，而忽略擠入效果。

This paper estimates individual wealth distribution including houses, land, stocks, deposits, bonds, short-term transaction instruments, and mortgage by using the individual wealth register data of the Ministry of Finance from 2004 to 2014 and combining their with the method of capitalization. To ensure that the results are close to reality, we use the price data in the Actual Transaction Price of Real Estate to evaluate the values of houses and land. We also consider both direct and indirect holdings of stocks when we measure wealth. According to our calculation, the Gini coefficient of wealth in Taiwan is about 0.79, and the top 10% and top 1% wealth shares are 62% and 23% respectively. The wealth inequality in Taiwan is lower than in the U.S., approximating the results in Korea and Sweden. Moreover, the wealth in Taiwan between 2004 and 2014 showed a trend of concentration towards the elderly population over 50 years old.