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How do people access movies today?What are the most popular and powerful channels for media distribution on a global scale?How are film industries changing in the face of media convergence and digitisation?.

Artykuł pochodzi z wydanej w 2019 r. książki pt. Netflix Nations. The Geography of Digital Distribution. Autor poświęca w nim uwagę sposobom funkcjonowania amerykańskiego serwisu na rynkach zagranicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Kanady i państw Unii Europejskiej, przy czym jego uwaga ogniskuje się na kontrowersyjnym stosunku treści amerykańskich i lokalnych. Lobato dokonuje analizy w porządku diachronicznym, odnosząc się do zmian zarówno w obrębie teorii medioznawczych, jak i w ustawodawstwie dotyczącym rynku medialnego, oraz synchronicznym, porównując metody działania platformy w różnych miejscach na świecie i polityczne reakcje na nie. W ostatniej części badacz zastanawia się nad rozbieżnościami między stosunkowo surową polityką kulturalną zmierzającą do ujarzmienia giganta i preferencjami widowni, która swoimi wyborami współtworzy jego ofertę programową; ponadto autor zachęca do dalszego namysłu nad związkami – jak sam pisze – między katalogami, algorytmami rekomendacji i krajowymi rozwiązaniami w zakresie polityki medialnej, jako że nasze środowisko medialne w coraz większym stopniu staje się środowiskiem usług na żądanie. Tekst jest tłumaczeniem rozdziału Content, Catalogs, and Cultural Imperialism z książki Ramona Lobato Netflix Nations. The Geography of Digital Distribution, New York University Press, New York 2019 (http://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9781479804948/read/) © 2019 by New York University.

How do people access movies today? What are the most popular and powerful channels for media distribution on a global scale? How are film industries changing in the face of media convergence and digitisation? To answer questions such as these, argues Ramon Lobato, we must shift our gaze away from the legal film business and toward cinema's shadow economies. All around the world, films are bought from roadside stalls, local markets, and grocery stores; they are illegally downloaded and streamed; they are watched in makeshift video clubs, on street corners, and in restaurants, shops and bars. International film culture in its actually-existing forms is a messy affair, and it relies to a great extent on black and grey media markets. Examining the industrial dynamics of these subterranean film networks across a number of different sites - from Los Angeles to Lagos, Melbourne to Mexico City - this book shows how they constitute a central rather than marginal part of audiovisual culture and commerce. Combining film industry analysis with cultural theory, Shadow Economies of Cinema opens up a new area of inquiry for cinema studies, putting industry research into dialogue with wider debates about economic informality and commodity circulation. Written in an accessible style, this book offers an original 'bottom-up' perspective on the global cinema industry for researchers and students in film studies, cultural studies, and media and communications.

Ana Vega and colleagues report the results of a three-stage genome-wide association study of radiotherapy toxicity following treatment for prostate cancer. They find that susceptibility to late radiation-induced toxicity is associated with variants in the TANC1 gene at 2q24.1. There is increasing evidence supporting the role of genetic variants in the development of radiation-induced toxicity 1 . However, previous candidate gene association studies failed to elucidate the common genetic variation underlying this phenotype 2 , which could emerge years after the completion of treatment 3 . We performed a genome-wide association study on a Spanish cohort of 741 individuals with prostate cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The replication cohorts consisted of 633 cases from the UK 4 and 368 cases from North America 5 . One locus comprising TANC1 (lowest unadjusted P value for overall late toxicity = 6.85 × 10 −9 , odds ratio (OR) = 6.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.23–19.63) was replicated in the second stage (lowest unadjusted P value for overall late toxicity = 2.08 × 10 −4 , OR = 6.17, 95% CI = 2.25–16.95; P combined = 4.16 × 10 −10 ). The inclusion of the third cohort gave unadjusted P combined = 4.64 × 10 −11 . These results, together with the role of TANC1 in regenerating damaged muscle, suggest that the TANC1 locus influences the development of late radiation-induced damage.

The valorization of by-products in the olive sector has increasingly become the focus of business and research in the context of biorefineries. This work evaluates the recovery of bioactive compounds from olive leaves and their subsequent incorporation into poly(L-lactic- acid-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) filaments through supercritical impregnation. Obtaining an olive leaf extract (OLE) using enhanced solvent extraction at a high pressure (ESE with CO2/ethanol 1:1 v/v) resulted in higher yields and concentrations of bioactives with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. No significant differences were found between the extracts obtained with different water regimes (irrigated and dry land). The supercritical impregnation of PLCL filaments showed that a low depressurization rate is essential to avoid material deformation, while the impregnation pressure and temperature influenced the OLE loading and antioxidant activity of the filaments. In vitro release studies showed the prolonged release of active compounds over 90 days, and the kinetics best fit the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, suggesting a diffusion mechanism. These results validate supercritical impregnation as a promising strategy for the development of OLE-active PLCL filaments with potential for biomedical applications requiring sustained therapeutic release.

Like most music critics in Australia, Dale is an autodidact. His entry into a writing career started with ad hoc reviews for websites and local music magazines. Over time he built up a network of contacts, carefully honed his craft, and is now making a living by writing reviews and interviews for various magazines and websites. The money isn't good, but it's enough to live off - and Dale relishes the opportunity to influence how his readers understand and enjoy the culture around them and contribute to a wider conversation about music. Out of fandom and enthusiasm, a professional life has been constructed.

Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer globally, with radiation therapy (RT) being a key treatment for clinically localized and locally advanced cases. Given high survival rates, addressing long-term side effects of RT is crucial for preserving quality-of-life. Radiogenomics, the study of genetic variations affecting response to radiation, has primarily focussed on genomic biomarkers, while DNA methylation studies offer insights into RT responses. Although most research has centred on tumours, no epigenome-wide association studies have explored peripheral blood biomarkers of RT-induced toxicities in prostate cancer patients. Identifying such biomarkers could reveal molecular mechanisms underlying RT response and enable personalized treatment. Methods We analysed 105 prostate cancer patients (52 cases and 53 controls). Cases developed grade ≥ 2 genitourinary and/or gastrointestinal late toxicity after 12 months of starting RT, whereas controls did not. An epigenome-wide association study of post-RT toxicities was performed using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip, adjusting for age and cell type composition. We constructed two methylation risk scores—one using differentially methylated positions (MRSsites) and another using differentially methylated regions (MRSregions)—as well as a Support Vector Machine-based methylation signature (SVMsites). We evaluated RT effects on biological age and stochastic epigenetic mutations within established radiation response pathways. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were also performed. Results Pre-RT methylation analysis identified 56 differentially methylated positions (adjusted p -value ≤ 0.05), and 6 differentially methylated regions ( p -value ≤ 0.05) associated with the genes NTM , ACAP1 , IL1RL2 , VOOP1 , AKR1E2 , and an intergenic region on chromosome 13 related to Short/Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements. Both Methylation Risk Scores (MRSsites AUC = 0.87; MRSregions AUC = 0.89) and the 8-CpG Support Vector Machine signature (SVMsites AUC = 0.98) exhibited strong discriminatory accuracy in classifying patients in the discovery cohort. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment (adjusted p -value ≤ 0.05) of genes involved in DNA repair, inflammatory response, tissue repair, and oxidative stress response pathways. Conclusions Epigenetic biomarkers show potential for predicting severe long-term adverse effects of RT in prostate cancer patients. The identified methylation patterns provide valuable insights into toxicity mechanisms and may aid personalized treatment strategies. However, validation in independent cohorts is essential to confirm their predictive value and clinical applicability.

Brachytherapy with iodine-125 ( I) has been extensively used as a conservative treatment for uveal melanoma (UM). Surgical technique for correct placement of episcleral radioactive plaques (ERP) in UM cases with posterior choroidal location and/or small size can be difficult and inaccurate. In this study, the correct positioning of plaques was assessed by intra-operative ultrasound control. This was a longitudinal, retrospective study of consecutive 20 patients with UM (small-medium size and/or posterior location) who received I brachytherapy. Location of plaques was adjusted by intra-operative ocular ultrasonography control. To perform ocular intra-operative ultrasonography, a 10 MHz probe was used to longitudinal and transverse bases in corresponding dummy plaques. The study included 8 males and 12 females, with a mean age of 66.3 years (SD = 14.53), 5 right eyes (RE) and 15 left eyes (LE). In ultrasound examination, 4 UMs were of mushroom morphology and the rest nodular. Means of the size of UM by ultrasound were (mm): Lb: 10.60 (SD = 2.24) × Tb: 9.88 (SD = 1.54) × H: 4.02 (SD = 1.44) (3 cases corresponding to small size of collaborative ocular melanoma study (COMS), and 17 cases to medium). The plaques used were between 14 and 20 mm in diameter, with an average distance between the edge of greater base of the tumor and the edge of plate of 2.44 mm (SD = 0.34). It was necessary to surgically reposition the plaque in 4 cases (20%). Intra-operative ultrasound control improves the accuracy of radioactive plaque placement for the treatment of medium-small UMs in posterior location. Probably, this technique should be applied in all cases of brachytherapy, regardless of the isotope chosen and the location of tumor mass, in order to perfectly adjust therapeutic position.