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في الحكم المدني
وهو من أهم وأفضل الدراسات التي تسلط الضوء على الحكم المدني ويحدثنا عن طبيعة ونشأة الحكم المدني ويبرز لنا بعض المبادئ الفاسدة وكيف سعى الحكم المدني للتغلب عليها ويبدأ الكتاب الأول ببحث في بعض المبادئ الفاسدة، مثل العبودية والحرية الطبيعية والسلطة الأبوية والسلطة الملكية وحق آدم بالسيادة على سبيل المنحة وحق آدم بالسلطة بحكم الأبوة وفي الملكيات كميراة متحدر من آدم ووريث سلطة آدم الملكية وغير ذلك من المحاور والكتاب الثاني بحث في نشأة الحكم المدني الصحيح ومداه وغايته وهنا يتناول المؤلف الطور الطبيعي وحالة الحرب ويحدثنا عن العبودية والملكية ورأى الحكم المدني فيهم والمجتمع السياسية أو المدني ويحدثنا عن إشكال الدولة ومدى السلطة التشريعية والصلاحيات الملكية الخاصة والغلبة والطغيان وانحلال الحكومة وغير ذلك من المحاور الهامة.
BOOK
New Directions in Goal-Setting Theory
Goal-setting theory is summarized regarding the effectiveness of specific, difficult goals; the relationship of goals to affect; the mediators of goal effects; the relation of goals to self-efficacy; the moderators of goal effects; and the generality of goal effects across people, tasks, countries, time spans, experimental designs, goal sources (i.e., self-set, set jointly with others, or assigned), and dependent variables. Recent studies concerned with goal choice and the factors that influence it, the function of learning goals, the effect of goal framing, goals and affect (well-being), group goal setting, goals and traits, macro-level goal setting, and conscious versus subconscious goals are described. Suggestions are given for future research.
Journal Article
Isolation and Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Pork Farms and Visiting Veterinary Students
In the last decade livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) has become a public health concern in many parts of the world. Sequence type 398 (ST398) has been the most commonly reported type of LA-MRSA. While many studies have focused on long-term exposure experienced by swine workers, this study focuses on short-term exposures experienced by veterinary students conducting diagnostic investigations. The objectives were to assess the rate of MRSA acquisition and longevity of carriage in students exposed to pork farms and characterize the recovered MRSA isolates. Student nasal swabs were collected immediately before and after farm visits. Pig nasal swabs and environmental sponge samples were also collected. MRSA isolates were identified biochemically and molecularly including spa typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Thirty (30) veterinary students were enrolled and 40 pork farms were visited. MRSA was detected in 30% of the pork farms and in 22% of the students following an exposure to a MRSA-positive pork farm. All students found to be MRSA-positive initially following farm visit were negative for MRSA within 24 hours post visit. Most common spa types recovered were t002 (79%), t034 (16%) and t548 (4%). Spa types found in pork farms closely matched those recovered from students with few exceptions. Resistance levels to antimicrobials varied, but resistance was most commonly seen for spectinomycin, tetracyclines and neomycin. Non-ST398 MRSA isolates were more likely to be resistant to florfenicol and neomycin as well as more likely to be multidrug resistant compared to ST398 MRSA isolates. These findings indicate that MRSA can be recovered from persons visiting contaminated farms. However, the duration of carriage was very brief and most likely represents contamination of nasal passages rather than biological colonization. The most common spa types found in this study were associated with ST5 and expands the range of livestock-associated MRSA types.
Journal Article
Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept
In this paper I argue that the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) is invalid both because it is not a form of intelligence and because it is defined so broadly and inclusively that it has no intelligible meaning. I distinguish the so-called concept of EI from actual intelligence and from rationality. I identify the actual relation between reason and emotion. I reveal the fundamental inadequacy of the concept of EI when applied to leadership. Finally, I suggest some alternatives to the EI concept.
Journal Article
Ethyl pyruvate reduces organic dust-induced airway inflammation by targeting HMGB1-RAGE signaling
Background
Animal production workers are persistently exposed to organic dust and can suffer from a variety of respiratory disease symptoms and annual decline in lung function. The role of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in inflammatory airway diseases is emerging. Hence, we tested a hypothesis that organic dust exposure of airway epithelial cells induces nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 and blocking this translocation dampens organic dust-induced lung inflammation.
Methods
Rats were exposed to either ambient air or swine barn (8 h/day for either 1, 5, or 20 days) and lung tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry. Swine barn dust was collected and organic dust extract (ODE) was prepared and sterilized. Human airway epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was exposed to either media or organic dust extract followed by treatment with media or ethyl pyruvate (EP) or anti-HMGB1 antibody. Immunoblotting, ELISA and other assays were performed at 0 (control), 6, 24 and 48 h. Data (as mean ± SEM) was analyzed using one or two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc comparison test. A
p
value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Compared to controls, barn exposed rats showed an increase in the expression of HMGB1 in the lungs. Compared to controls, ODE exposed BEAS-2B cells showed nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1, co-localization of HMGB1 and RAGE, reactive species and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. EP treatment reduced the ODE induced nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1, HMGB1 expression in the cytoplasmic fraction, GM-CSF and IL-1β production and augmented the production of TGF-β1 and IL-10. Anti-HMGB1 treatment reduced ODE-induced NF-κB p65 expression, IL-6, ROS and RNS but augmented TGF-β1 and IL-10 levels.
Conclusions
HMGB1-RAGE signaling is an attractive target to abrogate OD-induced lung inflammation.
Journal Article
Interconnected Hydrologic Extreme Drivers and Impacts Depicted By Remote Sensing Data Assimilation
In a changing climate, the likelihood of hydrologic extremes has been increasing as climate change can impact both means and extremes4 of hydrologic cycle processes, potentially resulting in an increased frequency of floods in some regions and decreases in others. In a warming world, the physical processes that affect hydrologic response, such as rain-on snow runoff events, are also changing, such that the seasonality of streamflow has been shifting. The geography of rain-on-snow runoff events is predicted to move from low to high elevations. In addition to floods, there is also potential for an increase in dry extremes in a warming world with increased drought frequency and occurrences in many parts of the world. The increased frequency of drought and heatwave events is expected to have consequences such as escalating crop failures in future projection scenarios1. Thus, the consensus of literature shows that climate change is increasing the magnitude and frequency of extreme hydrologic events, and the human influence in many of these events is substantial.
Journal Article
Water line biofilm regrowth dynamics in six wean-to-finish farms post peracetic acid water line cleaning and disinfection
Water quality and water line management play a critical role in swine health; however, they are often overlooked aspects of swine production. Best practices for water line cleaning and disinfection in pig barns are limited, and a one-time (terminal) water line cleaning with peracetic acid (PAA) may reduce mineral scale and biofilm presence. The objective of this study was to evaluate swine water line biofilm regrowth dynamics in six commercial wean-to-finish farms on well water following application of 0.78% PAA. Water line samples were collected aseptically pre-treatment (0), after water lines had been flushed 24 h after PAA had been applied (1), and 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 42, 56, and 77 days post-treatment. Biofilm was quantified via aerobic and anaerobic standard plate counts. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in biofilm quantities pre- (0) and post-treatment (1), with over a three-log reduction in log 10 colony forming units (CFU) per mL (adjusted p-value = 0.0000). Biofilms regrew within three days and were not significantly different than pre-treatment (0) biofilm quantities. This demonstrates that administration of 0.78% PAA is effective at reducing biofilm quantities, however, long-term impacts are limited. Following labeled dosages and continuous water disinfectants should be considered for long term management.
Journal Article
Evaluating strategies for sustainable intensification of US agriculture through the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research network
Sustainable intensification is an emerging model for agriculture designed to reconcile accelerating global demand for agricultural products with long-term environmental stewardship. Defined here as increasing agricultural production while maintaining or improving environmental quality, sustainable intensification hinges upon decision-making by agricultural producers, consumers, and policy-makers. The Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network was established to inform these decisions. Here we introduce the LTAR Common Experiment, through which scientists and partnering producers in US croplands, rangelands, and pasturelands are conducting 21 independent but coordinated experiments. Each local effort compares the outcomes of a predominant, conventional production system in the region ('business as usual') with a system hypothesized to advance sustainable intensification ('aspirational'). Following the logic of a conceptual model of interactions between agriculture, economics, society, and the environment, we identified commonalities among the 21 experiments in terms of (a) concerns about business-as-usual production, (b) 'aspirational outcomes' motivating research into alternatives, (c) strategies for achieving the outcomes, (d) practices that support the strategies, and (e) relationships between practice outreach and adoption. Network-wide, concerns about business as usual include the costs of inputs, opportunities lost to uniform management approaches, and vulnerability to accelerating environmental changes. Motivated by environmental, economic, and societal outcomes, scientists and partnering producers are investigating 15 practices in aspirational treatments to sustainably intensify agriculture, from crop diversification to ecological restoration. Collectively, the aspirational treatments reveal four general strategies for sustainable intensification: (1) reducing reliance on inputs through ecological intensification, (2) diversifying management to match land and economic potential, (3) building adaptive capacity to accelerating environmental changes, and (4) managing agricultural landscapes for multiple ecosystem services. Key to understanding the potential of these practices and strategies are informational, economic, and social factors-and trade-offs among them-that limit their adoption. LTAR is evaluating several actions for overcoming these barriers, including finding financial mechanisms to make aspirational production systems more profitable, resolving uncertainties about trade-offs, and building collaborative capacity among agricultural producers, stakeholders, and scientists from a broad range of disciplines.
Journal Article
Legacy parasite collections reveal species-specific population genetic patterns among three species of zoonotic schistosomes
Studies estimating genetic diversity and population structure in multi-host parasites are often constrained by temporally and spatially limited sampling. This study addresses these limitations by analyzing globally distributed samples of three congeneric avian schistosomes (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae:
Trichobilharzia
), including collections spanning 20 years archived at The Museum of Southwestern Biology, Parasites Division. The three species exhibited significant differences in population genetic parameters across one nuclear and two mitochondrial loci.
Trichobilharzia querquedulae
(TQ) maintained a well-connected, globally diverse metapopulation, with an effective population size approximately three times larger than that of the other two species,
T. physellae
(TP) and
Trichobilharzia
sp. A (TA). TP and TA had lower overall genetic diversity and greater population structure. These differences are likely shaped by the ecologies of the duck definitive hosts that disperse these parasites. This study highlights the value of natural history collections, particularly since
Trichobilharzia
is a key agent of zoonotic cercarial dermatitis, a disease whose etiology and epidemiology remain poorly understood. Within a comparative congeneric framework, population genetic data can provide insights into host-parasite natural history and its influence on microevolutionary patterns, including contributions to zoonotic disease.
Journal Article
Trends in Land Use, Irrigation, and Streamflow Alteration in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain
The Mississippi River Alluvial Plain is a critical region for agricultural production in the United States, providing the majority of the nation’s rice, catfish, and cotton. Although it is a humid region, high agricultural yields are maintained through irrigation from groundwater and surface water sources. Heavy groundwater extraction has led to cones of depression in the alluvial aquifer in both Arkansas and Mississippi. This study explores the link between increasing irrigation and streamflow alteration within the alluvial plain. Changing land use patterns were evaluated utilizing the USDA Census of Agriculture datasets to determine changes in land-use, irrigation, and crop yield from 1969 to 2017. Temporal land use patterns set the background for the analysis of sixteen long-term streamflow records from the USGS, which were assessed using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) software to determine changes in low flow patterns in rivers overlying the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer. Most streamflow records had significant hydrologic alteration with respect to low flow conditions, including higher frequency of low flow events, lower annual minima, or a declining base flow index. Changes in streamflow coincide with areas of massive increases in irrigated cropland area. This study provides further context for the tradeoffs between intensive agricultural production and agroecosystem sustainability.
Journal Article