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The hurdle of fabricating asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) devices using a faradic cathode and a double layer anode is challenging due to the required large amount of active mass of anodic material compared to that of the cathodic material during mass balancing due to the large difference in capacitance values of the two electrodes. Here, the problem is addressed by engineering a negative electrode that furnishes an ultrahigh capacitance. An in situ developed metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based thermal treatment is adopted to grow highly porous N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing submerged Co nanoparticles over nano‐fibrillated electrospun hollow carbon nanofibers (HCNFs). The optimized CNT@HCNF‐1.5 furnishes an ultrahigh capacitance approaching 712 F g–1 with excellent rate capability. The capacitance reported from this work is the highest for any carbonaceous material reported to date. The CNT@HCNF‐1.5 is further used to fabricate symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs), as well as ASC devices. Remarkably, both the SSC and ASC devices furnish incredible performances in all aspects of SCs, such as a high energy density, long cycle life, and high rate capability, displaying decent practical applicability. The energy density of the SSC device reaches as high as 20.13 W h kg–1, whereas that of ASC approaches 87.5 W h kg–1. An in situ developed metal–organic framework‐based thermal treatment technique is adopted to prepare porous N‐doped carbon nanotubes containing firmly submerged Co‐nanoparticles over nano‐fibrillated electrospun hollow carbon nanofibers. When the optimized CNT@HCNF‐1.5 is applied as a negative electrode, the problem related to mass balancing during fabrication of asymmetric supercapacitor can be addressed satisfactorily that will open new possibilities for the future works.

The development of smart negative electrode materials with high capacitance for the uses in supercapacitors remains challenging. Although several types of electrode materials with high capacitance in energy storage have been reported, carbon-based materials are the most reliable electrodes due to their high conductivity, high power density, and excellent stability. The most common complaint about general carbon materials is that these electrode materials can hardly ever be used as free-standing electrodes. Free-standing carbon-based electrodes are in high demand and are a passionate topic of energy storage research. Electrospun nanofibers are a potential candidate to fill this gap. However, the as-spun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) have low capacitance and low energy density on their own. To overcome the limitations of pure CNFs, increasing surface area, heteroatom doping and metal doping have been chosen. In this review, we introduce the negative electrode materials that have been developed so far. Moreover, this review focuses on the advances of electrospun nanofiber-based negative electrode materials and their limitations. We put forth a future perspective on how these limitations can be overcome to meet the demands of next-generation smart devices.

Assessment of water availability in sub-humid regions is important due to distinct climatic and environmental conditions. In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) models have been assessed in simulating streamflows in the sub-humid tropical Kabini basin in Kerala, India, spanning 1260 km 2 . Calibration and validation utilized daily weather data from 1997 to 2015 from the Muthankera gauging station. The study investigated the impact of routing methods on runoff simulation in the ArcSWAT, exploring Muskingum and Variable Storage methods. Evaluation metrics encompassed Nash–Sutcliffe Efïciency (NSE), Coefficient of Determination ( R 2 ), Percent bias (PBIAS), RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR), and Peak Percent Threshold Statistics (PPTS) approach for high-flow values. The result indicates that HEC-HMS outperforms SWAT concerning R 2 and NSE values during daily calibration and validation. Monthly simulations showed HEC-HMS closely aligning with SWAT (Variable storage), outperforming SWAT (Muskingum). The PPTS approach proved effective in simulating high-flow values. Both models exhibited proficiency in streamflow analysis within the study area, promising predictive potential for future hydrological studies in sub-humid regions.

We aimed to evaluate the response of dopaminergic system in acute stress (AS) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) by measuring dopamine (DA) levels, its receptor densities in the frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and orbito-frontal cortex regions of rat brain, and investigated the corresponding behavioral locomotor changes. Involvement of D 1 receptor was also examined during AS and CUS using A 68930, a D 1 selective agonist. Rats were exposed to AS (single immobilization for 150 min) and CUS (two different stressors for 7 days). AS significantly decreased the DA levels in the striatum and hippocampus, and A 68930 pretreatment significantly reverted these changes. However, in the frontal cortex significantly increased DA levels were remain unchanged following A 68930. CUS led to a decrease of DA levels in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus, which were normalized by A 68930. Saturation radioligand binding assays revealed a significant decrease in the number of D 1 -like receptors in the frontal cortex during CUS, which were further decreased by A 68930 pretreatment. However, in the striatum and hippocampus, A 68930 pretreatment reduced the CUS induced increase in the number of D 1 -like receptors. No significant changes were observed in the amygdala and orbito-frontal cortex during AS and CUS, while D 2 -like receptors were unchanged in all the brain regions studied. Locomotor activity was significantly decreased in both the stress models, A 68930 pretreatment significantly increased stereotypic counts and horizontal activity. Thus, present investigation provide insights into the differential regional response of dopaminergic system during AS and CUS. Further, neurochemical and behavioral effects of D 1 agonist pretreatment suggest specific modulatory role of D 1 receptor under such stressful episodes.

Polishing of barnyard millet was done in rice polisher. Degree of polishing was obtained from 3 to 6 min time of milling at an increment of 1 min at 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% of moisture levels. At each moisture level and degree of polishing, proximate compositions (protein, fat, fibre, ash and carbohydrates) were analysed. At 8% moisture, barnyard millet was more resistant to polishing and yielded 18.86% of bran after 6 min of milling, while at 14% moisture it was 19.21%. The amount of bran removed increased significantly with time of milling and was best described by power model when regression analysis was carried out. The milling and head yield decreased linearly with the degree of polishing. For the entire range of milling time, at 10% moisture content, there was highest head yield (52.97%). The broken millet recovery increased in proportion to the degree of polishing. Regression analysis showed that the power model was the best fit. The milling time caused a reduction in the proximate compositions. The maximum loss in protein, fat, ash and fibre took place at 14% moisture content followed by 12%, 10% and 8% moisture levels. Protein, fat, ash and fibre were negatively and linearly correlated with degree of polishing.