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Nickel–cobalt hydroxide thin films were synthesized using the chemical bath deposition method, and the effect of thermal annealing (373–673 K) on their physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics was explored. The X-ray diffraction study showed a cubic crystalline structure of NiCo 2 O 4 electrode formed above annealing temperature of 573 K. Field emission scanning electron spectroscopy (FE-SEM) study revealed that after annealing, NiCo 2 O 4 electrode showed urchin-like microspheres morphology with superhydrophilic nature. The electrode annealed at 573 K exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 470 F g −1 at 0.4 A g −1 current density. Over 2000 cycles, electrode demonstrated capacitive retention of 75.55%. Finally, NiCo 2 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 thin films were used to construct the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device. The ASC device manifested energy density of 40 Wh kg −1 at power density of 1.66 kW kg −1 and 82% retention after 2000 CV cycles. Graphical Abstract

Nickel-cobalt hydroxide thin films were synthesized using the chemical bath deposition method, and the effect of thermal annealing (373-673 K) on their physicochemical and electrochemical characteristics was explored. The X-ray diffraction study showed a cubic crystalline structure of NiCo.sub.2O.sub.4 electrode formed above annealing temperature of 573 K. Field emission scanning electron spectroscopy (FE-SEM) study revealed that after annealing, NiCo.sub.2O.sub.4 electrode showed urchin-like microspheres morphology with superhydrophilic nature. The electrode annealed at 573 K exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 470 F g.sup.-1 at 0.4 A g.sup.-1 current density. Over 2000 cycles, electrode demonstrated capacitive retention of 75.55%. Finally, NiCo.sub.2O.sub.4 and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 thin films were used to construct the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device. The ASC device manifested energy density of 40 Wh kg.sup.-1 at power density of 1.66 kW kg.sup.-1 and 82% retention after 2000 CV cycles.

Hexagonal microrods containing MoO 3 thin films are synthesized by simple, low cost and scalable chemical bath deposition approach with acidification of ammonium molybdate ([NH 4 ]6Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O). The structural and morphological analyses are carried out through X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) respectively. Hexagonal microrods of width ~5 µm and length of ~20–50 µm are manifested in FE-SEM analysis. Supercapacitive tests of electrode are performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) techniques in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance of 194 Fg −1 is obtained from CV study. The energy and power densities of 7.33 Wh kg −1 and 1200 W kg −1 , respectively are obtained from GCD study. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study is also carried out.

The utilization of solar energy is an essential aspect in order to sustain in the energy crisis situation. Semiconductor based photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells are used for it. Herein, a binder free approach was employed for the synthesis of CdSe thin films on stainless steel substrate and effect of post annealing (350–500 K) on physicochemical as well as photoelectrochemical properties were investigated. The characterization showed that CdSe thin films crystallized in cubic crystal structure with spherical granular morphology with optical band gap of 1.76 eV. The effect of post annealing on CdSe thin films is further tested by examining their PEC properties. Thin film CdSe electrode annealed at temperature 400 K showed highest fill factor ( FF ) and efficiency ( η ) of 0.32 and 1.54%, respectively. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study showed superior charge transfer properties.

One pot hydrothermal method is used for synthesis of groundnuts-like samarium oxide (Sm 2 O 3 ) thin film on stainless steel substrate. The Sm 2 O 3 film is characterized by X-ray diffraction, water contact angle, UV–visible spectrophotometer, photoluminescence, and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques. The hydrothermal method allows the formation of cubic Sm 2 O 3 film with porous groundnuts-like morphology. The Sm 2 O 3 film is hydrophilic with the optical band gap of 3.70 eV. Electrochemical capacitive behavior of Sm 2 O 3 film is studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Sm 2 O 3 film exhibits maximum specific capacitance of 155 Fg −1 at 5 mVs −1 scan rate in 1 M KOH electrolyte.

Hexagonal microrods containing MoO sub(3) thin films are synthesized by simple, low cost and scalable chemical bath deposition approach with acidification of ammonium molybdate ([NH sub(4)]6Mo sub(7)O sub(24).4H sub(2)O). The structural and morphological analyses are carried out through X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) respectively. Hexagonal microrods of width ~5 mu m and length of ~20-50 mu m are manifested in FE-SEM analysis. Supercapacitive tests of electrode are performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) techniques in 1 M Na sub(2)SO sub(4) electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance of 194 Fg super(-1) is obtained from CV study. The energy and power densities of 7.33 Wh kg super(-1) and 1200 W kg super(-1), respectively are obtained from GCD study. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study is also carried out.

Manganese incorporated cobalt oxide thin films were deposited on stainless steel by using potentiodynamic electrodeposition via aqueous route. The structural elucidation reveals face-centered cubic Co 3 O 4 and orthorhombic MnO 2 having polycrystalline nature. FESEM and TEM show porous granular surface morphology along with nano-spikes. AFM image exhibits granular morphology. Optimized samples were studied for further electrochemical characterizations. All CV curves show mixed capacitive behavior. As compared to others, 1% manganese incorporation electrode shows maximum specific capacitance 605.39 F/g at 2 mV/s in 1M KOH. Chronopotentiometric charge–discharge studies report power density 18.12 kW/kg, energy density 33.7 Wh/kg and columbic efficiency 73.89%. To know the internal resistive properties of the electrode, the electrochemical impedance analysis was carried out in the frequency range 1 mHz to 1 MHz. Using Nyquist plot, the observed internal resistance is ~ 0.78 Ω. ZsimpWin software was used to develop Randle’s equivalent circuit to search the circuitry parameters associated with the cell.

In this research article, we synthesized nanospheres of MgO thin-film substrate using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique on stainless steel substrates. The final optimized sample was used for physical characterization. XRD revealed the cubic structure of the MgO electrode. Additionally, it was utilized for electrochemical supercapacitive characterization, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that MgO nanospheres exhibited a higher specific capacitance (SC) of 536.06 F/g. The maximum values of specific energy and specific power were 30.79 Wh/kg and 1420 W/kg, respectively, at 2 mA/cm 2 in 1-M KOH. The EIS plot confirmed an internal resistance (Ri) of 0.86 Ω, indicating good power performance and outstanding rate capability of MgO nanospheres. This material demonstrated excellent cycling capability, retaining 91.38% capacitance after 5000 CV cycles. The MgO//AC device displayed an SC of 210.21 F/g at 5 mV/s in a PVA-KOH solid-state electrolyte. With an energy density of 23.90 Wh/kg and a power density of 1.84 kW/kg, the asymmetric supercapacitor performance showed that the MgO-based electrode is suitable for use in actual device manufacturing. After 5000 CV cycles, the supercapacitor device exhibited exceptional capacitance retention of 92.93%. Thus, this research successfully demonstrated the usefulness of the simple and affordable SILAR method for synthesizing pure MgO nanostructures for application in supercapacitors.

Well-packed pristine CdSe and Indium-doped CdSe (In:CdSe) thin films have been successfully synthesized on a cost-effective stainless steel substrates by simple chemical route and their performance as photoanode in photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cell was investigated. With the view to enhance the efficiency of solar cell, various preparative parameters were optimized using renowned PEC way. The Pristine CdSe and In:CdSe thin films were characterized for structural, morphological, optical, and photoelectrochemical studies. The structural analysis revealed modest improvement in crystallinity owed to Indium doping. Morphological modulation noticed from cauliflower structure to elliptical-shaped elongated grains, subsequent to insertion of Indium in CdSe lattice. Doped CdSe photoanodes were found to be more hydrophilic in nature than pristine. Both films possess direct transitions with decrease in band gap energies from 2.1 to 1.91 eV, attributable to doping. Improved power conversion efficiency from 0.54 to 0.79% is recorded as an outcome of indium doping.

Study Design: International consensus paper on a unified nomenclature for full-endoscopic spine surgery. Objectives: Minimally invasive endoscopic spinal procedures have undergone rapid development during the past decade. Evolution of working-channel endoscopes and surgical instruments as well as innovation in surgical techniques have expanded the types of spinal pathology that can be addressed. However, there is in the literature a heterogeneous nomenclature defining approach corridors and procedures, and this lack of common language has hampered communication between endoscopic spine surgeons, patients, hospitals, and insurance providers. Methods: The current report summarizes the nomenclature reported for working-channel endoscopic procedures that address cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal pathology. Results: We propose a uniform system that defines the working-channel endoscope (full-endoscopic), approach corridor (anterior, posterior, interlaminar, transforaminal), spinal segment (cervical, thoracic, lumbar), and procedure performed (eg, discectomy, foraminotomy). We suggest the following nomenclature for the most common full-endoscopic procedures: posterior endoscopic cervical foraminotomy (PECF), transforaminal endoscopic thoracic discectomy (TETD), transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD), transforaminal lumbar foraminotomy (TELF), interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy (IELD), interlaminar endoscopic lateral recess decompression (IE-LRD), and lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (LE-ULBD). Conclusions: We believe that it is critical to delineate a consensus nomenclature to facilitate uniformity of working-channel endoscopic procedures within academic scholarship. This will hopefully facilitate development, standardization of procedures, teaching, and widespread acceptance of full-endoscopic spinal procedures.