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"Long, Richard"
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Subcellular localization of marine bacterial alkaline phosphatases
Bacterial alkaline phosphatases (APases) are important enzymes in organophosphate utilization in the ocean. The subcellular localization of APases has significant ecological implications for marine biota but is largely unknown. The extensive metagenomic sequence databases from the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition provide an opportunity to address this question. A bioinformatics pipeline was developed to identify marine bacterial APases from the metagenomic databases, and a consensus classification algorithm was designed to predict their subcellular localizations. We identified 3,733 bacterial APase sequences (including PhoA, PhoD, and PhoX) and found that cytoplasmic (41%) and extracellular (30%) APases exceed their periplasmic (17%), outer membrane (12%), and inner membrane (0.9%) counterparts. The unexpectedly high abundance of cytoplasmic APases suggests that the transport and intracellular hydrolysis of small organophosphate molecules is an important mechanism for bacterial acquisition of phosphorus (P) in the surface ocean. On average, each marine bacterium possessed at least one suite of uptake of glycerol phosphate (ugp) genes (e.g., ugpA, ugpB, ugpC, ugpE) for dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) transport, but only half of them had ugpQ, which hydrolyzes transported DOP, indicating that cytoplasmic APases play a role in hydrolyzing transported DOP. The most abundant heterotrophic marine bacteria, α- and γ-Proteobacteria, might hydrolyze DOP outside the cytoplasmic membrane, but the former could also transport and hydrolyze DOP in the cytoplasm. The abundant extracellular APases could provide bioavailable P for organisms that cannot directly access organophosphates, and thereby increase marine biological productivity and diversity.
Journal Article
Making a Timely Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Making a timely diagnosis of adult‐type pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is critical to interrupting transmission and optimizing treatment outcomes. A hypothesis based on clinical experience is that a timely diagnosis may be made by addressing seven clinical rubrics: six related to history, one to the laboratory. Responses may be considered to be part of a clinical heuristic for making a timely diagnosis of pulmonary TB. The larger the number of affirmative responses, the more likely the diagnosis, although it is probable some questions carry more weight than others. The radiograph is key and may almost be considered to be confirmatory of the history. Collectively, the responses should prompt suspicion of pulmonary TB – submission of sputum for acid‐fast bacilli smear and culture, and respiratory isolation.
Journal Article
سهام الليل : رحلة أحمد جلبي الطويلة إلى النصر في العراق /
ما من شيء كان بعيدا أو غير اعتيادي لجلبي في هذا العالم الذي بدأ للتو العمل فيه-عالم المؤمرات والدسائس التي تمارس على أعلى المستويات الحكومية. لقد عرف هذا العالم تماما. فهو العالم الذي صبا فيه حين كان طفلا يكبر في العراق. لقد كان أحمد جلبي في واشنطن، دي سي، يوم تسلم جورج دبليو بوش رئاسته. واختار لليوم الأول من رئاسة بوش بزته المفضلة من أرمانجيلو زيغنا، ذات الصفين من الأزرار، مع ربطة عنق من اللون البرتقالي الفاتح. وفي الحفل كان جلبي، ابن السادس والخمسين من العمر، العراقي المولد، وبابتسامته المفتعلة ومظهره الارستقراطي، ينتقل من حشود أنصار الجمهوريين المحتفلين. كان ذلك المسلم، الذي لا يدخن ولا يشرب ينظر الى المشهد برمته بعيني منفي، وروح من يخطط لمكيدة. ماذا عساها تعني له حقبة بوش، وكيف تحصل على أقصى ما يستطيعه منها، كان يستاءل\". فمن هو هذا المنفي العراقي الذي رافقه ريتشارد بوتين في سرده للأحداث التي حفلت بها رحلته الطوية على درب الوصول الى الحصول على نصر له في العراق. فقد كان أن التقى به لأول مرة بعد عام واحد من تنصيب بوش نيابة عن برنامج \"60 دقيقة\" في أخبار CBS، حيث كان ريتشارد بوتين يعمل منتجا منذ عام 1988. وكل ما كان يعرفه هو أن جلبي كان شخصية قيادية في حركة المعارضة العراقية، وأنه كان يعمل بكد للاطاحة بصدام. آفاق تغيير نظام الحكم في بغداد كانت في حينها غير واضحة، وفكرة أن حاكم تكساس السابق الشديد الصراحة سيتعامل مع الدم العراقي الازرق بروحية مصمم البزات فكرة بعيدة الاحتمال-خصوصا لإداريي برنامج \"60 دقيقة\" في نيويورك. ولكنه وحين زار جلبي في المرة الأولى تلك-في مكتب المجلس الوطني العراقي في لندن قرب الهايدبارك-فوجئ بالاجتماعات التي لا تنقطع في المكتب ولاحظ الاتصالات الهاتفية المتواصلة عبر الأطلسي، بينه وبين عصبة المحافظين الجدد داخل ادارة بوش وخارجها. لم يكن جلبي بالنسبة لريتشارد بوتين ذلك الرجل المثير للدهشة أو الاعجاب، الا انه رآه رجلا عمليا ذو اتصالات واسعة ويجب أن يؤخذ على محمل الجد.
BOOK
Profit Sharing and Workplace Productivity Growth in Canada: Does Teamwork Play a Role?
The purpose of this study is to contribute to knowledge of profit-sharing by utilizing a before-and-after analysis of panel data to assess whether the effects of profit-sharing adoption on productivity growth vary, depending on whether a profit-sharing adopter utilizes work teams or not, while controlling for numerous variables that may affect these results within a carefully constructed sample of Canadian establishments. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the moderating role of teamwork in the relationship between profit-sharing and productivity growth. Besides the implications for profit-sharing, ascertaining whether profit-sharing and work teams are complementary practices would have important implications for understanding how to develop more effective work teams, a topic of ongoing interest.
We utilized a longitudinal research design to compare within-firm productivity growth during the three-year and five-year periods subsequent to profit-sharing adoption and within-firm productivity growth during the same periods in firms that had not adopted profit-sharing. Overall, our results suggest that use of team-based production plays an important moderating role in the success of employee profit-sharing—at least in terms of workplace productivity growth. Establishments that had adopted profit-sharing showed a substantial and highly significant increase in workplace productivity over both the three-year and five-year periods subsequent to adoption, but only if they had work teams.
These findings are in line with the notion that work teams help to mitigate potential shirking behaviour in profit-sharing firms (Freeman, Kruse and Blasi, 2010) and are also in line with the argument that work teams serve as an effective mechanism to help translate the purported motivational and other benefits of profit-sharing into tangible productivity gains (Heywood and Jirjahn, 2009).
Journal Article
Transitions, urbanism, and collapse in the Bronze Age : essays in honor of Suzanne Richard
\"In recognition of the significant contribution that Suzanne Richard has made to the archaeology of the Early Bronze Age in the southern Levant, this Festschrift represents the best of scholarship in her areas of interest and publication. With an international cadre of leading scholars, the volume reflects recent scholarship on the nature of Bronze Age urbanism and cultural transitions at key junctures. The volume is an important contribution to the field of late 4th through the 2nd millennia BCE\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Time to diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in indigenous peoples: a systematic review
Background
Time to diagnosis and treatment is a major factor in determining the likelihood of tuberculosis (TB) transmission and is an important area of intervention to reduce the reservoir of TB infection and prevent disease and mortality. Although Indigenous peoples experience an elevated incidence of TB, prior systematic reviews have not focused on this group. We summarize and report findings related to time to diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary TB (PTB) among Indigenous peoples, globally.
Methods
A Systematic review was performed using Ovid and PubMed databases. Articles or abstracts estimating time to diagnosis, or treatment of PTB among Indigenous peoples were included with no restriction on sample size with publication dates restricted up to 2019. Studies that focused on outbreaks, solely extrapulmonary TB alone in non-Indigenous populations were excluded. Literature was assessed using the Hawker checklist. Registration Protocol (PROSPERO): CRD42018102463.
Results
Twenty-four studies were selected after initial assessment of 2021 records. These included Indigenous groups from five of six geographical regions outlined by the World Health Organization (all except the European Region). The range of time to treatment (24–240 days), and patient delay (20 days–2.5 years) were highly variable across studies and, in at least 60% of the studies, longer in Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous peoples. Risk factors associated with longer patient delays included poor awareness of TB, type of health provider first seen, and self-treatment.
Conclusion
Time to diagnosis and treatment estimates for Indigenous peoples are generally within previously reported ranges from other systematic reviews focusing on the general population. However among literature examined in this systematic review that stratified by Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples, patient delay and time to treatment were longer compared to non-Indigenous populations in over half of the studies. Studies included were sparse and highlight an overall gap in literature important to interrupting transmission and preventing new TB cases among Indigenous peoples. Although, risk factors unique to Indigenous populations were not identified, further investigation is needed as social determinants of health among studies conducted in medium and high incidence countries may be shared across both population groups.
Trial registration
N/a.
Journal Article
Individual and public health consequences associated with a missed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the emergency department: A retrospective cohort study
To determine: i) the emergency department (ED) utilization history of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, and ii) the potential individual and public health consequences of a missed diagnosis of PTB in this setting.
Retrospective observational cohort study.
Patients with PTB aged >16 years diagnosed between April 1, 2010 and December 31, 2016 in the Province of Alberta, Canada.
We identified valid new cases of PTB from a provincial registry and linked them to ED attendees in administrative databases. Visits are considered 'PTB', pulmonary 'other', and non-pulmonary based on the most responsible discharge diagnosis. Individual consequences of a missed diagnosis included health system delay and PTB-related death; public health consequences included nosocomial ED exposure time and secondary cases.
Of 711 PTB patients, 378 (53%) made 845 ED visits in the six months immediately preceding the date of diagnosis. The most responsible ED discharge diagnosis was PTB in 92 (10.9%), pulmonary 'other' in 273 (32%) and non-pulmonary in 480 (56.8%). ED attendees had a median (IQR) health system delay of 27 (7,180) days and, compared to non-ED attendees were more likely to die a TB-related death 5.9% vs 1.2%, p = 0.001. Emergency attendees generated 3812 hours of ED nosocomial exposure time, and 31 secondary cases (60.8% of all secondary cases reported). Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from ED-attendees were more likely than non-attendees to be clustered-i.e., have an identical DNA fingerprint with another isolate (27% vs. 21%, p = 0.037).
ED utilization by PTB patients, and related consequences, are substantial. EDs are a potential resource for earlier PTB diagnosis.
Journal Article