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Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants represents the majority of CO2 uptake on Earth, yet it is difficult to measure directly from space. Estimation of gross primary production (GPP) from remote sensing indices represents a primary source of uncertainty, in particular for observing seasonal variations in evergreen forests. Recent vegetation remote sensing techniques have highlighted spectral regions sensitive to dynamic changes in leaf/needle carotenoid composition, showing promise for tracking seasonal changes in photosynthesis of evergreen forests. However, these have mostly been investigated with intermittent field campaigns or with narrow-band spectrometers in these ecosystems. To investigate this potential, we continuously measured vegetation reflectance (400–900 nm) using a canopy spectrometer system, PhotoSpec, mounted on top of an eddy-covariance flux tower in a subalpine evergreen forest at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. We analyzed driving spectral components in the measured canopy reflectance using both statistical and process-based approaches. The decomposed spectral components co-varied with carotenoid content and GPP, supporting the interpretation of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI). Although the entire 400–900 nm range showed additional spectral changes near the red edge, it did not provide significant improvements in GPP predictions. We found little seasonal variation in both normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the near-infrared vegetation index (NIRv) in this ecosystem. In addition, we quantitatively determined needle-scale chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratios as well as anthocyanin contents using full-spectrum inversions, both of which were tightly correlated with seasonal GPP changes. Reconstructing GPP from vegetation reflectance using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) explained approximately 87 % of the variability in observed GPP. Our results linked the seasonal variation in reflectance to the pool size of photoprotective pigments, highlighting all spectral locations within 400–900 nm associated with GPP seasonality in evergreen forests.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for resistant schizophrenia, although debate persists about the optimal electrode placement technique. Bitemporal stimulation (BTS) is the most commonly used, while right unilateral stimulation (RUS) is associated with fewer cognitive effects in other disorders. Exploratory study including 17 patients randomized to BTS (n = 8) or RUS (n = 9). Symptoms and severity were assessed with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, cognitive functions with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Brief Assessment of Cognitive in Schizophrenia (BACS). Symptomatic changes, frequency and time of onset of side effects, changes in cognitive performance, and specific functions were compared. Both groups showed significant improvement in symptoms (ΔPANSS: BTS = 44.75 vs. RUS = 39.11; p = 0.724), with no differences in response rates (75% BTS vs. 44.4% RUS; p = 0.335). RUS required a lower stimulus to induce seizures (29.8 mC vs. 54 mC in BTS; p = 0.003). The BTS group showed deterioration in verbal fluency (BACS: p = 0.042), while the RUS showed improvement in motor speed (p = 0.046). There were no global differences in MoCA or BACS. Both techniques are equally effective in symptomatic reduction, but RUS could offer advantages as it requires less load and is associated with less deterioration in verbal fluency. These preliminary results have methodological limitations, mainly the sample size and lack of power calculation, but they may encourage further research. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06972745.

UNFPA recently developed a composite indicator to assess sexual and reproductive health (SRH)-related laws as part of the Sustainable Development Goals monitoring framework (Indicator 5.6.2). However, there is still little understanding of how best to ensure a supportive SRH-related legal framework can improve SRH outcomes. This research draws on country case studies (Colombia, Malawi, Uruguay, Zambia) to provide more generalizable lessons on the processes by which these laws are translated into practice and their impact on lived realities. Peer-reviewed and gray literature on laws and policies related to maternity care, contraception, sexuality education, HIV and HPV was reviewed. Key informant interviews were carried out with 8-16 people in each country, including representatives of government, civil society and academia to understand factors affecting implementation of relevant laws and policies. Findings were thematically analyzed by country and contextualized within each country's score on Indicator 5.6.2 and relevant SRH outcome data. Across these countries, some common organizational steps help move from laws on paper to impacting people's lives including budget allocation, development of technical guidance, health worker training, population awareness creation and demand generation. It is also important to address sociocultural challenges such as entrenched inequalities, conservative cultural and religious beliefs and the potential existence of customary law. Challenges can be encountered across all these steps and can vary based on the area of SRH: implementation of laws to reduce maternal mortality is generally less controversial than laws around abortion, often making the latter harder to implement. Local specificities in structures, systems and cultures bring opportunities and challenges, highlighting the need for tailored actions. A legal framework supportive to SRH is critical, particularly in the face of backlash against sexual and reproductive rights, but alone it is insufficient. Understanding that a generic pathway exists for moving laws into practice is a critical starting point for exploring the specificities of each national context as a way of identifying entry points for action. These findings can be used to inform advocacy and monitoring to help ensure that the potential benefits of supportive SRH-related laws can be realized in these four countries and around the world.

Northern hemisphere evergreen forests assimilate a significant fraction of global atmospheric CO₂ but monitoring large-scale changes in gross primary production (GPP) in these systems is challenging. Recent advances in remote sensing allow the detection of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) emission from vegetation, which has been empirically linked to GPP at large spatial scales. This is particularly important in evergreen forests, where traditional remote-sensing techniques and terrestrial biosphere models fail to reproduce the seasonality of GPP. Here, we examined the mechanistic relationship between SIF retrieved from a canopy spectrometer system and GPP at a winter-dormant conifer forest, which has little seasonal variation in canopy structure, needle chlorophyll content, and absorbed light. Both SIF and GPP track each other in a consistent, dynamic fashion in response to environmental conditions. SIF and GPP are well correlated (R² = 0.62–0.92) with an invariant slope over hourly to weekly timescales. Large seasonal variations in SIF yield capture changes in photoprotective pigments and photosystem II operating efficiency associated with winter acclimation, highlighting its unique ability to precisely track the seasonality of photosynthesis. Our results underscore the potential of new satellite-based SIF products (TROPOMI, OCO-2) as proxies for the timing and magnitude of GPP in evergreen forests at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution.

Magnetospheric accretion is a key process that shapes the inner disks of T Tauri stars, controlling mass and angular momentum evolution. It produces strong ultraviolet and optical emission that irradiates the planet-forming environment. In this work, we characterize the magnetospheric geometries, accretion rates, extinction properties, and hotspot structures of 67 T Tauri stars in the largest and most consistent study of ultraviolet and optical accretion signatures to date. To do so, we apply an accretion flow model to velocity-resolved H\\(\\) profiles for T Tauri stars from the HST/ULLYSES program with consistently-derived stellar parameters. We find typical magnetospheric truncation radii to be almost half of the usually-assumed value of 5 stellar radii. We then model the same stars' HST/STIS spectra with an accretion shock model, finding a diverse range of hotspot structures. Phase-folding multi-epoch shock models reveals rotational modulation of observed hotspot energy flux densities, indicative of hotspots that persist for at least 3 stellar rotation periods. For the first time, we perform a large-scale, self-consistent comparison of accretion rates measured using accretion flow and shock models, finding them to be consistent within \\(\\)0.16 dex for contemporaneous observations. Finally, we find that up to 50% of the total accretion luminosity is at short wavelengths accessible only from space, highlighting the crucial role of ultraviolet spectra in constraining accretion spectral energy distributions, hotspot structure, and extinction.

The Classical T Tauri Star (CTTS) stage is a critical phase of the star and planet formation process. In an effort to better understand the mass accretion process, which can dictate further stellar evolution and planet formation, a multi-epoch, multi-wavelength photometric and spectroscopic monitoring campaign of four CTTSs (TW Hya, RU Lup, BP Tau, and GM Aur) was carried out in 2021 and 2022/2023 as part of the Outflows and Disks Around Young Stars: Synergies for the Exploration of ULYSSES Spectra (ODYSSEUS) program. Here we focus on the HST UV spectra obtained by the HST Director's Discretionary Time UV Legacy Library of Young Stars as Essential Standards (ULLYSES) program. Using accretion shock modeling, we find that all targets exhibit accretion variability, varying from short increases in accretion rate by up to a factor of 3 within 48 hours, to longer decreases in accretion rate by a factor of 2.5 over the course of 1 year. This is despite the generally consistent accretion morphology within each target. Additionally, we test empirical relationships between accretion rate and UV luminosity and find stark differences, showing that these relationships should not be used to estimate the accretion rate for individual target. Our work reinforces that future multi-epoch and simultaneous multi-wavelength studies are critical in our understanding of the accretion process in low-mass star formation.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto que el Capital Psicológico, EngagementAcadémico y Bienestar tienen sobre el Rendimiento Académico en un grupo de 155 estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de psicología de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana, en su mayoría mujeres. Además, se buscó explorar la relación que existe entre estas variables. Para la medición del Capital Psicológico, se adaptó la prueba el PCQ-12 de Luthans, et al. (2007) al contexto académico y se obtuvo una buena consistencia interna. Se utilizó el UWESS-9 de Schaufeli & Bakker (2003) para medir el EngagementAcadémico y se utilizaron las escalas de Florecimiento y el SPANE-P y SPANE-N de Diener et al., (2010) para medir el Bienestar; el rendimiento se midió mediante un índice estandarizado de notas. Para analizar los resultados se realizaron pruebas de correlación y un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). El modelo con un nivel de ajuste adecuado evidencia un efecto pequeño del EngagementAcadémico en el Rendimiento Académico, pero no del Capital Psicológico y del Bienestar. Sin embargo, estas dos últimas variables si tienen un efecto directo mediano sobre el EngagementAcadémico. A nivel correlacional, todas las variables correlacionaron con el Rendimiento Académico y corresponden con lo encontrado en la literatura. La edad también correlacionó con el Rendimiento Académico. En conclusión, aunque solo el nivel del EngagementAcadémico sea determinante para el nivel del rendimiento del estudiante es necesario contemplar también la relación y contribución de las otras variables en el incremento del rendimiento académico.