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"Lorimer, Ross"
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The Scottish contribution: the importance of the National Cardiac Societies and the Royal Colleges and their 100-year association with BCS
The SCS has welcomed many members of the BCS to their annual meeting and Ronnie Campbell was a regular attendee including the year of his untimely death. Cardiologists in Scotland provide major input to assessment, curriculum development, training and education.They have very much been part of the running and development of the Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board and the debate on single versus dual accreditation. In summary, Scottish cardiologists, their Royal Colleges and the SCS have contributed substantially to the development, running and scientific strength of the BCS—now a respected global leader in cardiovascular training, education and research.
Journal Article
Extremely short duration sprint interval training improves vascular health in older adults
Exercise improves health and physical function in older people, but very few older people participate although the trend is for increasing participation. This study sought to determine whether short duration sprint interval training (SIT) improves health and physical function in older people. Seventeen (9 M and 8 F) older adults (age 66 ± 3 years) were recruited. Participants had blood pressure, physical function and blood lipid profile measured and were then allocated to a control group (CON
n
= 7) or a SIT group (
n
= 10). The control group maintained daily activities; the SIT group performed 10 weeks of twice-weekly training sessions of 6-s sprints. By week 10, training sessions lasted 11.6 ± 0.6-min. Ten weeks of SIT resulted in significant changes in pulse pressure (CONpre 59 ± 18 mmHg; CONpost 60 ± 9 mmHg; SITpre 56 ± 14 mmHg; SITpost 49 ± 7 mmHg;
p
= 0.007), mean blood pressure (CONpre 100 ± 10 mmHg; CONpost 97 ± 11 mmHg; SITpre 102 ± 7 mmHg; SITpost 93 ± 8 mmHg;
p
= 0.003), timed get up and go (CONpre 6.9 ± 1.1 s; CONpost 6.9 ± 1.0 s; SITpre 7.4 ± 1.2 s; SITpost 6.6 ± 1.0 s;
p
= 0.005), loaded 50 m walk (CONpre 6.9 ± 1.1 s; CONpost 6.9 ± 1.0 s; SITpre 7.4 ± 1.2 s; SITpost 6.6 ± 1.0 s;
p
= 0.005),and total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ratio (CONpre 4.2 ± 0.7; CONpost 4.0 ± 0.7; SITpre 4.4 ± 1.1; SITpost 3.2 ± 0.7;
p
= 0.01). SIT is an effective way to maintain blood pressure, lipid profile, and physical function during aging and is an effective tool for promoting optimal aging.
Journal Article
High Intensity Training Improves Health and Physical Function in Middle Aged Adults
High intensity training (HIT) is effective at improving health; however, it is unknown whether HIT also improves physical function. This study aimed to determine whether HIT improves metabolic health and physical function in untrained middle aged individuals. Fourteen (three male and eleven female) untrained individuals were recruited (control group n = 6: age 42 ± 8 y, weight 64 ± 10 kg, BMI 24 ± 2 kg·m−2 or HIT group n = 8: age 43 ± 8 y, weight 80 ± 8 kg, BMI 29 ± 5 kg·m−2). Training was performed twice weekly, consisting of 10 × 6-second sprints with a one minute recovery between each sprint. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (incremental time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test and loaded 50 m walk) were determined before and after training. Following eight weeks of HIT there was a significant improvement in aerobic capacity (8% increase in VO2 peak; p < 0.001), physical function (11%–27% respectively; p < 0.05) and a reduction in blood glucose area under the curve (6% reduction; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of HIT as a training intervention to improve skeletal muscle function and glucose clearance as we age.
Journal Article
John Andrew Kennedy
John Andrew Kennedy (“JAK”), who has died at the age of 84, was a distinguished physician, innovative cardiologist, accomplished sportsman, and dedicated family man. John encouraged research and was himself involved in important work on the epidemiology of heart attacks in the young and the assessment of metallic heart valves. John was predeceased by his sister, Harriet, and leaves Mary; sons David (a GP in Peterhead), Douglas, (a maxillo-facial surgeon in Dundee), and Neil (a solicitor in Glasgow); and seven much loved grandchildren.
Journal Article
The Impact of Sprint Interval Training Frequency on Blood Glucose Control and Physical Function of Older Adults
Exercise is a powerful tool for improving health in older adults, but the minimum frequency required is not known. This study sought to determine the effect of training frequency of sprint interval training (SIT) on health and physical function in older adults. Thirty-four (13 males and 21 females) older adults (age 65 ± 4 years) were recruited. Participants were allocated to a control group (CON n = 12) or a once- (n = 11) or twice- (n = 11) weekly sprint interval training (SIT) groups. The control group maintained daily activities; the SIT groups performed 8 weeks of once- or twice-weekly training sessions consisting of 6 s sprints. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (walk test) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test) were determined before and after training. Following training, there were significant improvements in blood glucose control, physical function and aerobic capacity in both training groups compared to control, with changes larger than the smallest worthwhile change. There was a small to moderate effect for blood glucose (d = 0.43–0.80) and physical function (d = 0.43–0.69) and a trivial effect for aerobic capacity (d = 0.01) between the two training frequencies. Once a week training SIT is sufficient to produce health benefits. Therefore, the minimum time and frequency of exercise required is much lower than currently recommended.
Journal Article
Thomas Davidson Veitch Lawrie
VL's continuing clinical research into various aspects of coronary heart disease led to the award of the degree of doctor of medicine. Thanks to his earlier experience of academic departmental collaborations, close links were established with the physiology and pharmacology departments at the universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, leading to high quality research, publications, and numerous higher degrees.
Journal Article
The role of mock job interviews in enhancing sport students’ employability skills: An example from the UK
Although graduate employability is an increasingly important issue, job interview formats and techniques specific to sport students’ prospective careers are not explicitly taught, practiced or assessed. Yet, successful interviews are pivotal in transitioning from education to employment. We report on a teaching intervention with final year sport students who undertook mock job interviews as an assessment. Evaluative data suggests students initially felt underprepared for job interviews. The assessment allowed students to adapt and practice their skills in this context and receive feedforward-focused feedback. From this work, we provide recommendations on how this activity might be implemented in other higher education curricula.
Journal Article
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia
Earlier trials of lipid-lowering drugs in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease have demonstrated that lowering cholesterol levels in middle-aged men with hypercholesterolemia reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction.
1
–
4
However, these studies, because of their design and low rates of observed events, were unable to show a clear effect of therapy on the risk of death from coronary heart disease or death from any cause. A meta-analysis of the trials provided support for the likelihood that therapy lowered the risk of death from coronary heart disease, but it also aroused concern that the risk of death from noncardiovascular . . .
Journal Article
West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: identification of high-risk groups and comparison with other cardiovascular intervention trials
We assessed the potential benefit of treatment for low-risk and high-risk groups in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) population, and compared the benefits of primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) by lipid lowering with the benefits of blood pressure reduction in the primary prevention of stroke.
We did a subgroup analysis of placebo-treated men in the WOSCOPS population by age, vascular disease at trial entry, and other established risk factors. We also compared WOSCOPS findings with those of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) trial of treatment for mild to moderate hypertension in middle-aged men. The WOSCOPS population comprised 6595 men aged 45–64 years with no history of myocardial infarction (MI) and plasma total cholesterol concentrations of 65–80 mmol/L at initial screening. Participants were randomly allocated pravastatin (40 mg daily) or placebo, and followed up for an average of 49 years.
Coronary event rates at 5 years in the WOSCOPS placebo group were higher than 10% (the recommended treatment threshold) in men with pre-existing vascular disease and in those 55 years or older without symptoms or signs of CHD but with at least one other risk factor. Event rates were low in men with hypercholesterolaemia but no other risk factor: 35% (95% CI 13–57) for men aged 45–54 years and 5 3% (27–80) for men aged 55–64 years. Three times more men had to be treated for 5 years to prevent one endpoint in WOSCOPS than in 4S. By contrast, two to four times fewer men with hyperlipidaemia were treated to save one coronary event in WOSCOPS than hypertensives to save one stroke in the MRC trial. These differences persisted after adjustment for the low-risk status of many of the patients with hypertension who took part in the MRC trial.
There were a substantial number of men whose risk of a coronary event was more than 10% at 5 years in the WOSCOPS cohort. The absolute benefit of pravastatin treatment of hyperlipidaemia is less in the primary prevention of CHD than in secondary prevention, but is similar to that for primary prevention of stroke by treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in middle-aged men.
Journal Article