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Roads have a myriad of negative effects on biodiversity, ultimately threatening the persistence of populations. In this Perspective we call attention to an extreme example, where the entire current geographic range of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia, GLT) is bisected by a major highway that is being widened to four lanes. We believe that the planned mitigation actions are not enough to reduce the expected increase of barrier effects and road mortality. These impacts may lead to a sequence of cascading effects that could jeopardize the conservation actions that prevented the extinction of GLTs three decades ago. We identify specific road sections along the highway and accompanying paved roads in the region that if equipped with tailored over passages would greatly reduce the road barrier effects. We also highlight areas where reforestation efforts could be extended in order to help reestablishing the connectivity between GLT habitat areas. We suggest that the working group integrating key decision makers and stakeholders, including the Non‐governmental organization leading the conservation efforts, partner universities, national road and environmental agencies, and the road construction company, to implement and to monitor the complementary road passages to improve connectivity of GLT habitat, and consequently to ensure the species' survival.

Despite the widespread use of ecological niche models (ENMs) for predicting the responses of species to climate change, these models do not explicitly incorporate any population‐level mechanism. On the other hand, mechanistic models adding population processes (e.g. biotic interactions, dispersal and adaptive potential to abiotic conditions) are much more complex and difficult to parameterize, especially if the goal is to predict range shifts for many species simultaneously. In particular, the adaptive potential (based on genetic adaptations, phenotypic plasticity and behavioral adjustments for physiological responses) of local populations has been a less studied mechanism affecting species’ responses to climatic change so far. Here, we discuss and apply an alternative macroecological framework to evaluate the potential role of evolutionary rescue under climate change based on ENMs. We begin by reviewing eco‐evolutionary models that evaluate the maximum sustainable evolutionary rate under a scenario of environmental change, showing how they can be used to understand the impact of temperature change on a Neotropical anuran species, the Schneider's toad Rhinella diptycha. Then we show how to evaluate spatial patterns of species’ geographic range shift using such models, by estimating evolutionary rates at the trailing edge of species distribution estimated by ENMs and by recalculating the relative amount of total range loss under climate change. We show how different models can reduce the expected range loss predicted for the studied species by potential ecophysiological adaptations in some regions of the trailing edge predicted by ENMs. For general applications, we believe that parameters for large numbers of species and populations can be obtained from macroecological generalizations (e.g. allometric equations and ecogeographical rules), so our framework coupling ENMs with eco‐evolutionary models can be applied to achieve a more accurate picture of potential impacts from climate change and other threats to biodiversity.

The bird fauna of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is exceptionally diverse and threatened, with high levels of endemism. Available lists of the endemic birds of the Atlantic Forest were generated before recent taxonomic revisions lumped or split species and before the recent increase in species occurrence records. Our objective, therefore, was to compile a new list of the endemic birds of the Atlantic Forest, characterize these species in terms of conservation status and natural history traits, and map remaining vegetation and protected areas. We combined GIS analysis with a literature search to compile a list of endemic species and, based on the phylogeny and distribution of these species, characterized areas in terms of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and endemism. We identified 223 species of birds endemic to the Atlantic Forest, including 12 species not included in previous lists. In addition, 14 species included in previous lists were not considered endemic, either because they occur outside the Atlantic Forest biome or because they are not considered valid species. The typical Atlantic Forest endemic bird is a small forest-dependent invertivore. Of the species on our list, 31 % are considered threatened or extinct. Only ~ 34% of the spatial analysis units had > 10% forest cover, and protected area coverage was consistently low (< 1%). In addition, we found spatial incongruity among the different measures of biodiversity (species richness, relative phylogenetic diversity, restricted-range species, and irreplaceability). Each of these measures provides information concerning different aspects of biological diversity. However, regardless of which aspect(s) of biodiversity might be considered most important, preservation of the remaining areas of remnant vegetation and further expansion of protected areas are essential if we are to conserve the many endemic species of birds in the Atlantic Forest. La avifauna del Bosque Atlántico de Brasil es excepcionalmente diversa y amenazada, con altos niveles de endemismo. Los listados disponibles de especies endémicas al Bosque del Atlántico fueron generados antes de las recientes revisiones taxonómicas que agregan separan especies antes del reciente incremento de especies con registros de presencia. Por ello, nuestro objetivo fue compilar una nueva lista de especies endémicas de aves del Bosque Atlántico, caracterizar el estatus de conservación de estas especies, características de su historia natural, y mapear la vegetación rémanente y áreas protegidas. Combinamos un análisis de SIG con búsquedas de literatura para recopilar una lista de especies endémicas, y, basados en la filogenia y distribución de estas especies, caracterizar áreas en términos de riqueza de especies, diversidad filogenética y endemismo. Identificamos 223 especies de aves endémicas el Bosque Atlántico, incluidas 12 especies que no habián sido incluidas en listados previos. Además, 14 especies incluidas en listados previos no fueron consideradas endémicas, porque se encuentran fuera del bioma del Bosque Atlántico o porque no son consideradas especies válidas. La típica ave endémica del Bosque Atlántico es un pequeño invertívoro que dépende de hábitats boscosos. De las especies en nuestra lista, 31% estàn consideradas como endémicas o extintas. Solo un ~ 34% de las unidades de análisis espacial tenían > 10% de cobertura de bosque y la cobertura de áreas protegidas fue consistentemente baja (< 1%). Adicionalmente, encontramos incongruencia espacial entre las diferentes medidas de biodiversidad (riqueza de especies, diversidad filogenética relativa, especies de rangos restringidos e irremplazabilidad). Cada una de estas métricas provee información respecto a diferentes aspectos de la diversidad biológica. Sin embargo, independientemente de qué aspectos de la biodiversidad puedan ser considerados más importantes, la preservación de las áreas de vegetación remanentes y una mayor expansión de las áreas protegidas son esenciales si nuestra intención es conservar las muchas especies de aves endémicas del Bosque Atlántico.

The understanding of the differences between living (L) and dead (D) benthic foraminiferal assemblages and all the factors that might lead their distribution should be a key to characterize the environmental and paleoenvironmental changes accurately. Population dynamics and dissimilarities of biological nature (the differences in turnover rate and seasonal alterations in standing stock) can cause significant divergences between the L and D foraminiferal assemblages. This study compares L and D foraminifera to evaluate the sediment quality of the Brazilian Saquarema Lagoon System (SLS) using biogeochemical proxies and predict how coastal ecosystems are responding to the combined effects of eutrophication and pollution pressure and areas where the paleoenvironmental studies can be performed. The SLS is a transitional environment where total organic carbon, proteins, and dissolved oxygen are the main factors controlling the distribution of foraminiferal assemblage. The high values of biopolymers (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) in SLS indicate a very impacted environment with long water residence time. The low values of species richness, Shannon-Weaver diversity, and evenness for both L and D foraminiferal assemblages are a consequence of fluctuating conditions in the SLS. Due to low salinities, agglutinated species and Quinqueloculina seminula can occur in the most confined areas, and Ammonia parkinsoniana, Cribroelphidium excavatum, Cribroelphidium poeyanum, and Elphidium gunteri characterized the area with the highest marine influence. Although in most of the SLS the taphonomic processes modified the original assemblage, in some regions the thanatocoenosis corresponds to the biocenosis. These areas can be considered the most suitable for future paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic studies.

This study investigates and compares the seasonal variations during winter and summer of living benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the Saquarema Lagoon System (SLS) located in a tropical coastal region of SE Brazil. The physicochemical parameters in the SLS presented strong differences between both seasons; however, they remained quite homogeneous in winter and exhibited great oscillations in summer. In the study area, 29 and 19 living foraminiferal species were identified in summer and winter, respectively. Ammonia tepida was the dominant species in both seasons followed by Ammonia parkinsoniana and Cribroelphidium excavatum. The detrended correspondence analysis showed that in the SLS: the calcareous species, such as Adelosina carinatastriata, Bulimina patagonica, and Miliolinella antartica were mostly influenced by high dissolved oxygen contents and low temperature, whereas the agglutinated foraminiferal species were indicators of the most confined lagoonal areas, under the lowest pH and salinity values. The results of this work evidence that the seasonal variation in the SLS might play a more important role in the benthic foraminiferal assemblages’ distribution than the anthropogenic impacts and shows the importance of seasonal studies for coastal biomonitoring programs.

In a randomized trial, 1442 patients with a history of atrial fibrillation were assigned to receive either valsartan, an angiotensin II–receptor blocker, or placebo. Antiarrhythmic therapy was administered according to the treating physician's preference. At 1 year, there was no difference between the groups in the rate of either a first recurrence or multiple recurrences of atrial fibrillation. Patients with a history of atrial fibrillation were assigned to receive either valsartan or placebo. At 1 year, there was no difference between the groups in the rate of either a first recurrence or multiple recurrences of atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. 1 – 5 Antiarrhythmic drugs have only moderate efficacy in preventing recurrences of atrial fibrillation and sometimes cause serious adverse reactions. 6 – 8 Ablation is a costly procedure, and accepted indications are limited. 9 , 10 Thus, new approaches to the management of atrial fibrillation continue to be the subject of interest and investigation. Some studies have shown that the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion may be partially related to a biologic phenomenon known as remodeling, in which the electrical, mechanical, and structural properties of atrial tissue and cardiac cells are progressively and irreversibly altered, creating . . .

In the original article, João Marcelo Ballalai was inadvertently omitted as an author of this article. The author list is correct as reflected here.