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Background Given the increasing psychological stress among adolescents and the widespread adverse effects, physical activity provides a potential intervention measure, but research results and evidence are insufficient. Methods To clarify the relationship and accurately describe the buffering effect of physical activity on adolescent psychological stress, a questionnaire survey method was used to distribute 5400 questionnaires in 9 cities across the country, and a follow-up survey was conducted 8 weeks later. Results (1) Whether in a cross-sectional survey or a longitudinal follow-up, there was a significant correlation between the total score and various dimensions of physical activity, stress events, and stress symptoms in adolescents. (2) Cross-sectional surveys showed that physical activity could significantly regulate the relationship between stress events and the total score of stress symptoms, and can significantly buffer the dimensions of depression, anger, cross-nerve arousal, and muscle tension. (3) Longitudinal tracking showed that physical activity could significantly buffer the total score of stress symptoms after 8 weeks, but only significantly buffer the dimension of depression symptoms. Conclusions The study used a large-scale nationwide survey for the first time to reflect the relationship between physical activity, psychological stress, and stress symptoms in adolescents. The results supported the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis and provided a reference plan for physical activity to alleviate psychological stress in adolescents.

Due to the high incidence of smartphone addiction and its harmful effects on health in recent years, it has received widespread attention from society. This study aims to examine the association between smartphone addiction and sleep quality among college students, and assess the correlation with physical exercise in a non-interventional, cross-sectional study design. The study utilized data from the 2022 Chinese College Health Tracking Survey. A total of 4670 students participated in and completed the questionnaire. The test tools comprised the smartphone addiction tendency scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the physical activity rating scale. The average score of the college students’ smartphone addiction was 39.230±14.931, and the proportion of college students with average and or very poor sleep quality was 52.6%. Mobile phone addiction among college students is negatively correlated with physical exercise (r = -0.101, p<0.01), and positively correlated with sleep quality (r = 0.287, p<0.01. Physical exercise had a significant regulatory effect on the behavior relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep quality (ΔR 2 = 0.194, p<0.001). Smartphone addiction has a significant impact on college students’ sleep quality. The higher the tendency towards smartphone addiction, the poorer the sleep quality of college students. Physical exercise plays a regulatory role in the relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep quality of college students.

Background The “Double Reduction” policy published in China provides a new opportunity to increase youth sports. Based on the perspective of parents’ influence on their children, this study aimed to explore the impact of parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy on youth off-campus sports. Methods This study was conducted empirically through a nationwide sample survey to analyze the relationship between parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy, parental education anxiety, and parental attitudes toward children’s participation in sports and youth off-campus sports to construct and verify a conditional process model. Results Parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy had a significant positive impact on their children’s off-campus sports ( β  =  0.103, SE  =  0.018, P  <  0.01 ), but had a significant negative impact on parental education anxiety ( β  =  -0.305, SE  =  0.032, P  <  0.01 ) which showed a significant negative effect on their children’s off-campus sports ( β  =  -0.114, SE  =  0.011, P  <  0.01 ) and played a significant intermediary role between parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy and children’s off-campus sports ( β  =  0.031, 95%CI: 0.020  ~  0.044 ). All dimensions of parental education anxiety showed different characteristics with only academic achievement anxiety ( β  =  0.034, 95%CI: 0.021  ~  0.047 ), parent–child interaction anxiety ( β  =  0.027, 95%CI: 0.014  ~  0.038 ), and learning attitude anxiety ( β  =  0.024, 95%CI: 0.015  ~  0.033 ) presenting significant mediating effects. The interaction between parental education anxiety and parental attitudes toward children’s sports significantly positively impacted youth off-campus sports ( β  =  0.008, SE  =  0.001, P  <  0.01 ) . The moderating role of parental attitudes toward their children’s participation in off-campus sports, indicating it was significant ( 95%CI: 0.005  ~  0.011 ) along the pathway of parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy to parental education anxiety to youth off-campus sports. Conclusions Parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy has a positive impact on youth off-campus sports. Parents’ anxiety about their children’s academic achievement, parent–child interaction anxiety, and learning attitude anxiety mediate in the process model. Parental attitudes toward sports can magnify the relationship between their education anxiety and youth off-campus sports.

Objective The study aims to examine how moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) affects the severity of depression symptoms among Chinese college students. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the mediating mechanisms involving self-rated health and general self-efficacy. Methods The study utilized data from the 2023 Chinese College Health Tracking Survey and employed multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling techniques to investigate the impacts of MVPA on depression levels and its underlying mediating mechanisms among college students. The primary cohort comprised 49,717 enrolled college students from 106 universities in China. Results A total of 41,620 valid questionnaires were collected (response rate: 83.7%), with females accounting for 58.6%. In the past month, approximately 30.2% of college students engaged in MVPA. Self-rated health (B = − 0.282, P  < 0.001) and general self-efficacy (B = − 0.133, P  < 0.001) significantly influenced college students’ depression scores. Even after controlling for other variables, participating in MVPA remained significantly associated with reduced depression scores (B = − 0.062, P  = 0.002). The results of the structural equation model showed that MVPA not only directly decreased college students’ depression scores but also indirectly reduced the likelihood of depression occurrence by improving their physical health status and general self-efficacy. Conclusion The lack of physical activity among Chinese college students is evident. Engaging in MVPA can reduce the likelihood of depression among college students. MVPA achieves this reduction by enhancing college students’ general self-efficacy and improving their physical health. The factors influencing depression levels among college students are multifaceted. For future interventions targeting college students’ mental health, comprehensive approaches that incorporate behavioral and psychological factors should be emphasized.

This study investigates the association between physical exercise and emotion regulation abilities among college students, introducing self-efficacy as a mediating variable to analyze the pathway mechanism through which physical exercise affects emotion regulation abilities. A cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a stratified random sampling method to survey three colleges in Jiangsu Province, China. Physical Activity Rating Scale, Physical Activity Self-efficacy Scale, and Emotional Intelligence Scale were used to measure the college student population. Regression analysis and mediation tests assessed whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between physical exercise and college students' emotion regulation abilities. A total of 5,430 valid questionnaires were collected. The distribution of college students' physical activities was 77.0% for low, 13.1% for medium, and 9.3% for high levels. Physical activities were significantly and positively correlated with self-efficacy and emotional management abilities (r = 0.298,0.105;P<0.01), and self-efficacy was significantly and positively correlated with emotional management abilities (r = 0.322, P<0.01). Situational motivation and subjective support under self-efficacy were 0.08 and 0.255, respectively, and the adjusted R2 was 0.107. Self-efficacy played a fully mediating role between physical activities and emotional management abilities, with a total effect value of 0.032. The values of the direct and indirect effects were 0.003 and 0.029, accounting for 8.95% and 90.74% of the total effect, respectively. The physical exercise behavior of college students is primarily characterized by low intensity. Physical exercise among college students can positively predict their ability to regulate emotions. Self-efficacy fully mediates the relationship between physical exercise and emotion regulation ability among college students. College students can indirectly influence their ability to regulate emotions through physical exercise and self-efficacy.

Objective This study aims to explore electronic health literacy’s impact on college students’ emotional management ability and analyze the chained mediating effects of peer relationships and exercise self-efficacy. Methods The study used stratified, cluster, and staged sampling methods to collect demographic information. Electronic health literacy, peer relationships, exercise self-efficacy, and emotional management ability data were collected among college students using the Questionnaire Star software. A total of 30,105 valid questionnaires were obtained, with a valid response rate of 98.7%. Using Process Model 6, investigated how electronic health literacy sequentially influences emotional management ability through mediators such as peer relationships and exercise self-efficacy. Results There was a significant positive correlation between electronic health literacy and emotional management ability ( r  = 0.496, P  < 0.01), between electronic health literacy and peer relationships ( r  = 0.226, P  < 0.01), and between electronic health literacy and exercise self-efficacy ( r  = 0.180, P  < 0.01). Peer relationships were significantly positively correlated with exercise self-efficacy ( r  = 0.142, P  < 0.01) and emotional management ability ( r  = 0.396, P  < 0.01). Exercise self-efficacy was significantly positively correlated with emotional management ability ( r  = 0.339, P  < 0.01). Electronic health literacy significantly and positively predicted emotional management ability (β = 0.254, P  < 0.001). There was a mediating effect of peer relationships between electronic health literacy and emotional management ability, accounting for 58.2% of the impact, 95%CI: [0.036,0.042]. Exercise self-efficacy also mediated the relationship between electronic health literacy and emotional management ability, accounting for 61.5% of the effect, 95%CI: [0.022,0.027]. Moreover, a chained mediating effect of peer relationships and exercise self-efficacy was observed between electronic health literacy and emotional management ability, accounting for 17.1% of the effect, 95%CI: [0.004,0.005]. Conclusion Electronic health literacy among college students can positively predict emotional management ability. Both peer relationships and exercise self-efficacy play a chained mediating role between electronic health literacy and emotional management ability.

The application of Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi is considered to be an important strategy for increasing plant yield and drought resistance. In this study, we isolated and identified two ErM fungi that can promote the growth of lingonberry. We tried to understand the potential of these two ErM fungi to promote the growth of lingonberry and the strategies to help plants cope with water shortage. The use value of ErM fungi was evaluated by inoculating Oidiodendron maius FC ( Om FC) or Lachnum pygmaeum ZL6 ( Lp ZL6), well-watered (WW) and severe drought stress (SDS). The results showed that the mycelium of Lp ZL6 was denser than that of Om FC, and both ErM fungi significantly increased the biomass of lingonberry stems and roots. They also significantly increased the chlorophyll content by 65.6 and 97.8%, respectively. In addition, inoculation with Lp ZL6 fungi can improve drought resistance, promote root growth and increase root wet weight by 1157.6%. Drought reduced the chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content of lingonberry but increased significantly after inoculation with Lp ZL6. Inoculation with Lp ZL6 decreased lingonberry’s malondialdehyde (MDA) content but increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Overall, these results indicated that the successful coexistence of ErM fungi and lingonberry alleviated the adverse effects of drought stress through higher secondary metabolites and photosynthetic pigment synthesis.

Objective This study aims to understand the status of depression and anxiety among Chinese university students through epidemiological investigation of a large sample size and provide a foundation for identifying individuals at risk of psychological crisis and developing targeted intervention strategies. Methods Survey participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling approach, which incorporated elements of stratification and cluster sampling. The main participants consisted of 49,717 university students from 106 Chinese universities. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess depression and anxiety levels retrospectively. Results Of the 49,717 questionnaires collected, 41,620 were deemed valid after a rigorous data cleaning process, resulting in a validity rate of 83.7%. Among the respondents, 58.6% were female. The detection rates for depression, anxiety, and comorbidity of depression and anxiety among the students were 9.8%, 15.5%, and 6.5%, respectively. The detection rate of depression varied across different grades (V = 0.119) and locations of universities (V = 0.117). There were great differences in the detection rate of depression and anxiety symptoms among university students in terms of physical health (including self-rated health and vision) and health behaviors (including sleep, smoking and drinking), and physical health and healthy behaviors were important factors in the detection rate of depression and anxiety symptoms among college students. Conclusion Psychological health issues among Chinese university students are relatively severe, with higher grade students exhibiting particularly concerning signs.

This study examines the effects of physical exercise on emotion regulation ability in college students, with a focus on the sequential mediating roles of psychological resilience and self-efficacy. Using cross-sectional data from the 2024 Chinese College Students Physical Activity and Health Longitudinal Survey (CPAHLS-CS), we collected responses via structured online questionnaires to test hypothesized pathways. Research tools included the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment (HKRA). A total of 10,923 valid questionnaires were included, with an effective response rate of 81.3%. The proportions of low, medium, and high levels of physical exercise among college students were 71.0%, 16.9%, and 12.2%, respectively. Data analysis showed that exercise intensity was negatively correlated with psychological resilience ( r  = − 0.022, P  < 0.001), positively correlated with self-efficacy ( r  = 0.130, P  < 0.001), and positively correlated with emotion regulation ability ( r  = 0.126, P  < 0.001). Mediation effect testing indicated that psychological resilience and self-efficacy mediate between physical exercise and emotion regulation ability. The total effect was 0.234, the direct effect was 0.165, and the indirect effect was 0.069. This cross-sectional study suggests that physical exercise is associated with, but does not causally determine, greater emotion-regulation ability.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a paediatric condition generally characterized by persistent motor disabilities in hand function. This review examined the impact of exercise with and without brain stimulation on hand function in children with CP. A systematic literature search was conducted from January 2010 to June 2025 across four electronic databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCO. This review established the inclusion criteria as follows: 1. Children with CP; 2. Randomised controlled trial; 3. Exercise with and without brain stimulation; 4. Measurements included gross motor function (GMF), fine manual control (FMC) and grip strength (GS) evaluated at pre- and post-intervention. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. For data analysis, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was selected as the appropriate effect size index, and RevMan 5.4 software was employed to analyze the mean differences in the data extracted from the included articles. (Registration number: CRD420251106181). The results showed that exercise with brain stimulation comprising more than 16 sessions could notably improve GS (SMD, 1.38 (0.88, 1.88),  < 0.05, I = 0%), whereas that comprising fewer than 10 sessions did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect (SMD, 0.19 (-0.29, 0.67),  = 0.44, I = 0%). Consequently, brain stimulation intervention could substantially enhance FMC (SMD, 0.46 (0.15, 0.76),  < 0.05, I = 47%). Subgroup analysis also presented that exercise with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) resulted in a significant improvement in FMC (SMD, 0.71 (0.29, 1.14),  < 0.05, I = 49%) compared to exercise with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (SMD, 0.19 (-0.25, 0.63),  = 0.09, I = 47%). This review demonstrated that exercise with brain stimulation could significantly enhance hand function in children with CP. Specifically, more than 16 sessions has greater benefits for GS, and the tDCS may confer benefits for FMC.