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Roxb (SGR) is extensively utilized in the management of disorders, including hyperuricemia and gout, due to its notable pharmacological effects, and it is also the primary component in the functional food turtle jelly. Despite extensive research on SGR, no systematic statistical analysis of the literature has been conducted on it. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of SGR, identifies the current research landscape, identifies hotspots, and performs trend analysis. All Chinese and English literatures pertaining to SGR was gathered from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang database, and VIP database, subsequently de-duplicated and organized, with CiteSpace software employed for visualization and analysis of the literature. A total of 1723 articles were incorporated into the analysis, and the quantity of SGR-related publications in English persists in its upward trajectory. Sun Weifeng, Lisa Dong, and Zhang Qingfeng emerged as the principal contributors, while Beijing University of TCM and Zhejiang University of TCM established themselves as the foremost publishing organizations. Noteworthy, keywords indicative of contemporary research focal points encompassed \"Chinese medicine treatment,\" \"gout,\" \"anti-inflammatory,\" and \"network pharmacology.\" The investigation into SGR concentrates on pharmaceuticals and their active components, therapeutic interventions, and pharmacological mechanisms. Recently, anti-inflammatory and cyberpharmacology have emerged as prominent trends, indicating that the integration of animal studies with molecular bioinformatics to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of SGR is the main research direction in the future, while cardiovascular protection and neuroprotective effects have become significant areas of recent inquiry. Consequently, SGR is anticipated to be a functional plant for the treatment of various diseases.

Smilax glabra Roxb (SGR) is a traditional Chinese medicine known for its medicinal and edible properties, with a long history of clinical use in treating hyperuricemia (HUA). However, current research has primarily focused on ethanol extracts, leaving the active ingredients and mechanisms responsible for the uric acid-lowering effects of SGR standard decoction unclear. Firstly, the chemical components in the standard decoction of SGR were characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and the pharmacodynamic experiments in mice with a high uric acid model were used to rapidly screen out the uric acid-lowering active ingredient group. Secondly, metabolic fingerprinting and tissue distribution analysis were performed on plasma and tissue samples from rats orally administered with SGR, respectively, to identify the key components and target organs. Finally, the core targets of these active ingredients were screened and analyzed by molecular docking technology. We fractionated the ingredients of the SGR standard decoction into large and medium polar compound groups using macroporous resin, identifying 20 components. Then, through the pharmacodynamic experiment in hyperuricemic mice, we verified that the group of medium polar compounds in SGR had significant uric acid-lowering effects. In the metabolic fingerprinting analysis, 8 flavonoids and 24 metabolites were screened in the plasma of SD rats. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the liver, intestine, kidney, and stomach were the main target organs for the active ingredients, with neoastiblin, astilbin, neoisoastiblin, isoastiblin, engeletin, and metabolites M01, M08, and M15 being the most widely distributed. Molecular docking confirmed that metabolites M08, M11, M15, and M16 exhibited strong binding activities with the target proteins CNT2, XOD, and URAT1. This study provides valuable references and insights into the pharmacodynamic substance basis and mechanism of action of SGR standard decoction for HUA treatment, through comprehensive analyses of chemical, metabolic, and pharmacodynamic fingerprints.

Background Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) can occur unexpectedly and be life-threatening when gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used. Gadolinium deposition disease (GDD) and symptoms associated with gadolinium exposure (SAGE) have been controversial for a long time. However, similar studies are currently incomplete or outdated. Therefore, comparing the safety of different GBCAs in terms of HSRs and GDD/SAGE using the latest post-marketing safety data should yield further insights into safely using GBCAs. Methods The safety differences between all GBCAs to GDD and the spectrum of GBCA-related HSRs were all compared and analyzed by using the World Health Organization database VigiBase and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database in this study. A further analysis of SAGE was also conducted using FAERS data. The lower limit of the reporting odds ratio (ROR) 95% confidence interval was used for signal detection. Moreover, the frequency of HSRs was calculated by dividing the number of reports in VigiBase by the total sales volume (measured in millions) from 2008 to 2022 in the IQVIA Multinational Integrated Data Analysis System. All adverse events were standardized using the Medical Dictionary for Drug Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) 26.0. Results This study shows that all GBCAs have the potential to induce HSRs, with nonionic linear GBCAs exhibiting a comparatively lower signal. According to standardized MedDRA query stratification analysis, gadobutrol had a greater ROR 025 for angioedema. The ROR 025 of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadoteridol is larger for anaphylactic/anaphylactoid shock conditions. Regarding severe cutaneous adverse reactions, only gadoversetamide and gadodiamide showed signals in FAERS and VigiBase. There were also differences in the frequency of HSRs between regions. Regarding GDD, gadoterate meglumine, and gadoteridol had a lower ROR 025 . An analysis of the 29 preferred terms linked to SAGE indicated that special consideration should be given to the risk of skin induration associated with gadoversetamide, gadopentetate dimeglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, gadodiamide, and gadoteridol. Additionally, gadodiamide and gadoteridol pose a greater risk of skin tightness compared to other GBCAs. Conclusions The risk differences among GBCAs using data from several sources were compared in this study. However, as a hypothesis-generating method, a clear causal relationship would require further research and validation.

The safety concerns of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) have garnered significant attention due to their severe adverse reactions. However, no existing studies have utilized VigiBase, the world's largest adverse event reporting system, to conduct post-marketing safety analyses of these agents. This study extracted data from VigiBase and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), employing the reporting odds ratio as the primary method and information component as supplementary, to comprehensively evaluate the safety profiles of ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib, with a focus on bleeding risks when combined with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. The results revealed that at the system organ class level, ibrutinib had the strongest signal in cardiac disorders; acalabrutinib in blood and lymphatic system disorders; and zanubrutinib in infections and infestations and blood and lymphatic system disorders. Among the top ten standardised medical dictionary for regulatory activities queries (SMQ), the SMQs with the strongest signals were different for each BTKis, but five identical SMQs were in the top ten, namely supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, tumour lysis syndrome, haematopoietic thrombocytopenia, haemorrhage terms (excl laboratory terms), and haemorrhage laboratory terms. At the preferred term level, acalabrutinib exhibited the strongest signal for Richter's syndrome, zanubrutinib for subcutaneous haemorrhage, while ibrutinib displayed divergent signals between databases-Bing-Neel syndrome in VigiBase and haematotympanum in FAERS. Importantly, bleeding risks varied significantly between monotherapy and combination therapy with anticoagulants/antiplatelet agents, underscoring the need for clinical vigilance regarding site-specific haemorrhage risks. These results will provide new data to support the use of BTKis and further safety warnings. However, as a hypothesis-generating approach, it does not establish a definitive causal relationship, which will require further research and validation.

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by redox dysregulation, is defined by iron overload, reactive oxygen species overproduction, and subsequent peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids, notably glycerophospholipids. This review comprehensively delineates the enzymatic such as lipoxygenases and non-enzymatic including Fenton reaction pathways governing glycerophospholipid peroxidation. Furthermore, we systematically dissect fine regulation of iron ions, including absorption, transport, and redox state transition. Given pathophysiological relevance of ferroptosis to numerous diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders and various cancers, we evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting key ferroptosis nodes, with a primary focus on the key enzymes involved in lipid peroxidation, transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism and traditional Chinese medicine. Our work provides a direction for advancing ferroptosis research and developing combinatorial therapies that synergize ferroptosis induction with conventional treatments.

Rhubarb, containing raw rhubarb (RR) and two processed products (steamed rhubarb, SR; carbonized rhubarb, CR), is commonly used in high-doses for the treatment of peptic ulcer, especially gastric ulcer (GU). However, their active ingredients, therapeutic targets, and potential mechanism remain unclear. Meanwhile, the safety of these active ingredients is also worth studying. An offline two-dimensional low-pressure liquid chromatography/high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry method was applied to identify the chemical constituents of RR, SR, and CR. Then, the plasma and urine samples of rats after oral administration of RR, SR, and CR were studied for metabolite profiling. Based on the analysis of ingredients , the key active constituents, core therapeutic targets and key signaling pathways of RR, SR, and CR against GU were screened network pharmacology and molecular docking. Finally, the efficacy and safety of these key active ingredients were evaluated. Totally, 183, 120 and 115 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from RR, SR and CR, respectively. Meanwhile, 190, 182 and 180 components were identified after oral administration of RR, SR and CR. By network pharmacology and molecular docking, torachrysone, hydroxyemodin, 6-methylrhein, rhein and emodin anthrone might be the predominant effective constituents in RR, SR, and CR with AKT1 and EGFR being their key targets during the treatment of GU. Moreover, EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might play a crucial role in the therapeutic mechanism of GU. ADMET predictions categorized 5 compounds as drugs with good oral bioavailability, but these components may induce liver injury. Overall, our results not only clarified the active substances and molecular mechanism for enhancing our understanding about the traditional efficacy, but also pay attention to the clinical safety issues of raw and prepared rhubarbs.

The Yiqi Qubai (YQ) formula is a hospital preparation for treating vitiligo in China that has had reliable efficacy for decades. The formula consists of four herbs; however, the extraction process to produce the formula is obsolete and the active ingredients and mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in this paper, fingerprints were combined with the chemometrics method to screen high-quality herbs for the preparation of the YQ standard decoction (YQD). Then, the YQD preparation procedure was optimized using response surface methodology. A total of 44 chemical constituents, as well as 36 absorption components (in rat plasma) of YQD, were identified via UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Based on the ingredients, the quality control system of YQD was optimized by establishing the SPE-UPLC-Q-TOF/MS identification method and the HPLC quantification method. Network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking showed that carasinaurone, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, methylnissolin-3-O-glucoside, genkwanin, akebia saponin D, formononetin, akebia saponin B, and apigenin may be the key active components for treating vitiligo; the core targets associated with them were AKT1, MAPK1, and mTOR, whereas the related pathways were the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and FoxO signaling pathways. Cellular assays showed that YQD could promote melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity, as well as the transcription and expression of tyrosinase-associated proteins (i.e., TRP-1) in B16F10 cells. In addition, YQD also increased extracellular tyrosinase activity. Further efficacy validation showed that YQD significantly promotes melanin production in zebrafish. These may be the mechanisms by which YQD improves the symptoms of vitiligo. This is the first systematic study of the YQ formula that has optimized the standard decoction preparation method and investigated the active ingredients, quality control, efficacy, and mechanisms of YQD. The results of this study lay the foundations for the clinical application and further development of the YQ formula.

Background: The beneficial effects of colchicine on cardiovascular disease have been widely reported in recent studies. Previous research demonstrated that colchicine has a certain protective effect on ischemic myocardium and has the potential to treat myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI). However, the potential targets and pharmacological mechanism of colchicine to treat MIRI has not been reported. Methods: In this study, we used network pharmacology and experimental verification to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of colchicine for the treatment of MIRI. Potential targets of colchicine and MIRI related genes were screened from public databases. The mechanism of colchicine in the treatment of MIRI was determined by protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of colchicine on H9C2 cell activity using CCK-8 assays, observed the effect of colchicine on H9C2 cell apoptosis via flow cytometry, and further verified the expression of key targets after colchicine treated by Western blot. Results: A total of 626 target genes for colchicine and 1549 MIRI disease targets were obtained. 138 overlapping genes were determined as potential targets of colchicine in treating MIRI. the PPI network analysis demonstrated that the targets linked to MIRI were ALB, TNF, ACTB, AKT1, IL6, TP53, IL1B, CASP3 and these targets showed nice affinity with colchicine in molecular docking experiments. The results of GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment demonstrated that the anti-MIRI effect of colchicine involves in apoptotic signaling pathway. Further tests suggested that colchicine can protect H9C2 cell from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation (H/R) injury through anti-apoptotic effects. Western blot results demonstrated that colchicine can inhibited MIRI induced apoptosis of H9C2 cell by enhancing the decreased levels of Caspase-3 in myocardial injure model induced by H/R and activating the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway. Conclusions: we performed network pharmacology and experimental evaluation to reveal the pharmacological mechanism of colchicine against MIRI. The results from this study could provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of colchicine.

In this study, the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of sodium danshensu (Sodium DL-β-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactate), one of the main water-soluble active constituents in , were evaluated in rats. Pharmacokinetic study was evaluated in doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg after intravenous administration of sodium danshensu. Bioavailability study was evaluated by comparing between 30 mg/kg (I.V.) and 180 mg/kg (P.O.) of sodium danshensu. Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion were evaluated at 30 mg/kg (I.V.) of sodium danshensu. Following intravenous administration, sodium danshensu exhibited linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range of 15-60 mg/kg. Sodium danshensu appeared to be poorly absorbed after oral administration, with an absolute bioavailability of 13.72%. The primary distribution tissue was kidney, but it was also distributed to lung, stomach, muscle, uterus, heart, etc. Within 96 h after intravenous administration, 46.99% was excreted urine and 1.16% was excreted feces as the parent drug. Biliary excretion of sodium danshensu was about 0.83% for 24 h. Metabolites in urine were identified as methylation, sulfation, both methylation and sulfation, and acetylation of danshensu. Sodium danshensu can be developed as an injection because of its poor oral bioavailability. In conclusion, sodium danshensu is widely distributed, mainly phase II metabolized and excreted primarily in urine as an unchanged drug in rats.

Background and Objectives: Hypericum perforatum (HP) is widely used for depressive therapy. Nevertheless, the antidepressant effect and potential mechanism of hyperoside (Hyp), the main active component of HP, have not been determined. Materials and Methods: We performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology to analyze the components in HP. Using data mining and network pharmacology methods, combined with Cytoscape v3.7.1 and other software, the active components, drug-disease targets, and key pathways of HP in the treatment of depression were evaluated. Finally, the antidepressant effects of Hyp and the mechanism involved were verified in chronic-stress-induced mice. Results: We identified 12 compounds from HP. Hyp, isoquercetin, and quercetin are the main active components of HP. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), the Analysis Platform, DrugBank, and other databases were analyzed using data mining, and the results show that the active components of HP and depression are linked to targets such as TNF-, IL-2, TLR4, and so on. A potential signaling pathway that was most relevant to the antidepressant effects of Hyp is the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, the antidepressant effects of Hyp were examined, and it is verified for the first time that Hyp significantly alleviated depressive-like behaviors in chronic-stress-induced mice, which may be mediated by inhibiting the NLRP1 inflammasome through the CXCL1/CXCR2/BDNF signaling pathway. Conclusion: Hyp is one of the main active components of HP, and Hyp has antidepressant effects through the NLRP1 inflammasome, which may be connected with the CXCL1/CXCR2/BDNF signaling pathway.