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Simple machines
\"Machines help make work easier, like when you need to lift something heavy or reach way up high. There are six simple machines: the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the ramp, the wedge, and the screw. Can you adjust a seesaw to lift an elephant? What happens when you combine two or more simple machines? Read and find out!\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Groundcover management changes grapevine root fungal communities and plant-soil feedback
Aims The objective of this study was to determine if vineyard groundcover management can mitigate negative plant-soil feedback caused by soil borne pathogens through changes in root fungal communities. Methods Whole-soil inoculum was collected from a field trial of groundcover identity (exotic grasses, exotic grasses plus legumes, native grasses, and native grasses plus forbs) and irrigation type (drip, sprinkler, and a combination of both) in a modified feedback experiment with grapevine rootstock '101–14' (Vitis riparia x V. rupestris). To see if these groundcovers would differ in their ability to protect vines against negative feedback caused by a soil borne pathogen, we inoculated all pots with the soil-borne root pathogen, Ilyonectria liriodendri (Halleen, Rego & Crous) Chaverri & C. Salgado. Results After eight months, vines growing with soil trained by exotic grasses had greater above-ground growth response relative to sterilized control than did vines growing with soil trained by native grasses and forbs. These treatments also resulted in compositionally distinct root fungal communities. The intensity of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi did not differ among ground cover treatments. Conclusions Our results show that soil feedback outcomes for grapevines, including negative effects of black foot pathogens such as Ilyonectria liriodendri, could depend on groundcover vegetation management that alters root-associated fungal communities.
Journal Article
Are fluoride levels in drinking water associated with hypothyroidism prevalence in England? A large observational study of GP practice data and fluoride levels in drinking water
BackgroundWhile previous research has suggested that there is an association between fluoride ingestion and the incidence of hypothyroidism, few population level studies have been undertaken. In England, approximately 10% of the population live in areas with community fluoridation schemes and hypothyroidism prevalence can be assessed from general practice data. This observational study examines the association between levels of fluoride in water supplies with practice level hypothyroidism prevalence.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data to develop binary logistic regression models of predictive factors for hypothyroidism prevalence at practice level using 2012 data on fluoride levels in drinking water, 2012/2013 Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) diagnosed hypothyroidism prevalence data, 2013 General Practitioner registered patient numbers and 2012 practice level Index of Multiple Deprivation scores.FindingsWe found that higher levels of fluoride in drinking water provide a useful contribution for predicting prevalence of hypothyroidism. We found that practices located in the West Midlands (a wholly fluoridated area) are nearly twice as likely to report high hypothyroidism prevalence in comparison to Greater Manchester (non-fluoridated area).InterpretationIn many areas of the world, hypothyroidism is a major health concern and in addition to other factors—such as iodine deficiency—fluoride exposure should be considered as a contributing factor. The findings of the study raise particular concerns about the validity of community fluoridation as a safe public health measure.
Journal Article
Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between young and old Vitis roots
In perennial plants, root metabolic activity decreases as absorptive roots age and eventually senesce. How this change in activity influences fungi inhabiting those roots is not well known. Particularly for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that rely exclusively on plant-derived carbon, these changes may exert significant pressure on fungi, leading to functional or compositional changes. As part of a larger study examining the effects of vineyard groundcover vegetation on root-associated fungi in a model grapevine, we asked how AM fungi change both in terms of distribution of fungal structures and community structure as roots age and if this depends on the legacy effect of unique microbial communities associated with different groundcovers. AM fungal communities varied with groundcover vegetation but not between young and old roots. AM fungal structures, however, differed between young and old roots with more arbuscules in young roots and more vesicles and/or spores in older roots. This trend was consistent across the different groundcover-trained communities, although one groundcover led to more arbuscules overall. We discuss these changes in light of our current understanding of the temporal dynamics of the AM symbiosis in aging roots and pose several hypotheses and directions for future research.
Journal Article
Optimised Anaesthesia to Reduce Post Operative Cognitive Decline (POCD) in Older Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery, a Randomised Controlled Trial
The study determined the one year incidence of post operative cognitive decline (POCD) and evaluated the effectiveness of an intra-operative anaesthetic intervention in reducing post-operative cognitive impairment in older adults (over 60 years of age) undergoing elective orthopaedic or abdominal surgery.
The design was a prospective cohort study with a nested randomised, controlled intervention trial, using intra-operative BiSpectral index and cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring to enable optimisation of anaesthesia depth and cerebral oxygen saturation in older adults undergoing surgery.
In the 52 week prospective cohort study (192 surgical patients and 138 controls), mild (χ(2) = 17.9 p<0.0001), moderate (χ(2) = 7.8 p = 0.005) and severe (χ(2) = 5.1 p = 0.02) POCD were all significantly higher after 52 weeks in the surgical patients than among the age matched controls. In the nested RCT, 81 patients were randomized, 73 contributing to the data analysis (34 intervention, 39 control). In the intervention group mild POCD was significantly reduced at 1, 12 and 52 weeks (Fisher's Exact Test p = 0.018, χ(2) = 5.1 p = 0.02 and χ(2) = 5.9 p = 0.015), and moderate POCD was reduced at 1 and 52 weeks (χ(2) = 4.4 p = 0·037 and χ(2) = 5.4 p = 0.02). In addition there was significant improvement in reaction time at all time-points (Vigilance Reaction Time MWU Z = -2.1 p = 0.03, MWU Z = -2.7 p = 0.004, MWU Z = -3.0 p = 0.005), in MMSE at one and 52 weeks (MWU Z = -2.9 p = 0.003, MWU Z = -3.3 p = 0.001), and in executive function at 12 and 52 weeks (Trail Making MWU Z = -2.4 p = .0.018, MWU Z = -2.4 p = 0.019).
POCD is common and persistent in older adults following surgery. The results of the nested RCT indicate the potential benefits of intra-operative monitoring of anaesthetic depth and cerebral oxygenation as a pragmatic intervention to reduce post-operative cognitive impairment.
Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN39503939.
Journal Article
An algorithm to identify cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension from the electronic medical record
Background
Study of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in claims-based (CB) cohorts may facilitate understanding of disease epidemiology, however previous CB algorithms to identify PAH have had limited test characteristics. We hypothesized that machine learning algorithms (MLA) could accurately identify PAH in an CB cohort.
Methods
ICD-9/10 codes, CPT codes or PAH medications were used to screen an electronic medical record (EMR) for possible PAH. A subset (Development Cohort) was manually reviewed and adjudicated as PAH or “not PAH” and used to train and test MLAs. A second subset (Refinement Cohort) was manually reviewed and combined with the Development Cohort to make The Final Cohort, again divided into training and testing sets, with MLA characteristics defined on test set. The MLA was validated using an independent EMR cohort.
Results
194 PAH and 786 “not PAH” in the Development Cohort trained and tested the initial MLA. In the Final Cohort test set, the final MLA sensitivity was 0.88, specificity was 0.93, positive predictive value was 0.89, and negative predictive value was 0.92. Persistence and strength of PAH medication use and CPT code for right heart catheterization were principal MLA features. Applying the MLA to the EMR cohort using a split cohort internal validation approach, we found 265 additional non-confirmed cases of suspected PAH that exhibited typical PAH demographics, comorbidities, hemodynamics.
Conclusions
We developed and validated a MLA using only CB features that identified PAH in the EMR with strong test characteristics. When deployed across an entire EMR, the MLA identified cases with known features of PAH.
Journal Article
Monitoring of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Okanagan Valley vineyards, British Columbia, Canada, and assessment of damage to table and wine grapes (Vitaceae)
Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), has become a serious pest of soft fruit in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada since its detection in 2009. The study was conducted to determine the distribution of D. suzukii and damage levels in grapes. Apple cider vinegar-baited traps placed in table and wine grape (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus; Vitaceae) vineyards during 2011–2013 demonstrated that D. suzukii was numerous in all sites, with earliest emergence and highest numbers recorded in 2013. Drosophila suzukii were reared from intact and damaged table grapes and damaged wine grapes collected from the field, but not from intact wine grapes. Drosophila suzukii were reared in low numbers in 2011 from intact fruit of 11 wine grape cultivars exposed artificially in the laboratory. Susceptibility of intact wine grapes under laboratory conditions in 2011 when sour rot was widespread might relate in part to undetected infections of berries due to weather conditions. Identification of Drosophila Fallén species revealed that D. suzukii comprised a small portion of the total. Our results demonstrate that healthy wine grapes in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia are largely undamaged by D. suzukii, while certain table grape cultivars should be protected from attack.
Journal Article
The effect of exercise on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda
Background: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common and are core symptoms of the condition. They cause considerable distress to the person with dementia and their carers and predict early institutionalization and death. Historically, these symptoms have been managed with anxiolytic and antipsychotic medication. Although potentially effective, such medication has been used too widely and is associated with serious adverse side-effects and increased mortality. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate non-pharmacological therapies for behavioral and psychological symptoms in this population. One such therapy is physical activity, which has widespread health benefits. The aim of this review is to summarize the current findings of the efficacy of physical activity on BPSD. Method: Published articles were identified using electronic and manual searches. Rather than systematically aggregating data, this review adopted a rapid critical interpretive approach to synthesize the literature. Results: Exercise appears to be beneficial in reducing some BPSD, especially depressed mood, agitation, and wandering, and may also improve night-time sleep. Evidence of the efficacy of exercise on improving other symptoms such as anxiety, apathy, and repetitive behaviors is currently weak or lacking. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of exercise type, its duration, and frequency is unclear although some studies suggest that walking for at least 30 minutes, several times a week, may enhance outcome. The methodological shortcomings of current work in this area are substantial. The research and clinical implications of current findings are discussed.
Journal Article
Otolith microchemistry reveals partial migration and life history variation in a facultatively anadromous, iteroparous salmonid, bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)
Migration of fishes between habitats influences population dynamics and ecological interactions. Some “partially migratory” populations include both migratory and non-migratory individuals, adding complexity to these dynamics. For partially migratory fishes with diadromous life histories, freshwater and marine habitats can differ greatly in availability of prey and physical conditions conducive to growth, predation risk, and exposure to fisheries and to contaminants. Therefore, understanding patterns of migratory behavior can inform population biology and conservation. Using otolith microchemistry, we describe observations of partial anadromy in a threatened, iteroparous salmonid species, bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), in the Skagit River basin of Washington State, USA. We found that 59% of the fish sampled (> 338 mm fork length) in the river had not been to marine water, despite easy access. The other 41% had migrated to salt water, typically every year beginning at age 2 or 3. We also observed overwintering in marine waters by some individuals, and extended time in fresh water between otherwise annual migrations to marine waters in others. Additionally, there was no obligatory relationship between anadromy in mothers and their offspring. The facultative nature of migration in this species, and the lack of tight connection between maternal and offspring life history patterns are consistent with studies of other Salvelinus species but contrast with the more rigid controls on migration in semelparous salmonids.
Journal Article
Fluoride levels in drinking water and hypothyroidism: Response to Grimes and Newton et al
[...]we referred to the discussion from the NRC report, believing that to provide a sufficient basis to consider a plausible relationship. 6 We accept that the primary causes of hypothyroidism are varied, including autoimmune disease and surgical intervention. The NDNS shows that for women over the age of 40 years, iodine intake is above the recommended daily intake in all regions of the UK (see online supplementary figures 1s and 2s ). [...]it seemed reasonable to conclude that iodine intake was not a sufficient reason for the variation observed in our analysis.
Journal Article