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The recent irruption of ChatGPT, a powerful chatbot that uses a “Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer” language model, could revolutionize education worldwide since it can greatly affect the competence development that students need to achieve for their professional future. The aim of this work is to assess the level of knowledge of ChatGPT and the perception of its possibilities of use in education by students studying the Primary Education Degree at the University of León (Spain) from a double perspective: as students and future teachers, respectively. For this purpose, a descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental, and quantitative research design was carried out, with the design and elaboration of a questionnaire. The questionnaire data were statistically processed by calculating relative frequencies. The main results highlight that students have a positive perception of ChatGPT use, with potential applications in education, and do not perceive it as a threat to the deterioration of the educational system as long as the sources of the data generated by the tool are verified. In addition, as students and future teachers, they need more knowledge about the operation of ChatGPT to ensure its correct use and maintain the quality of the education system. Thus, to overcome ChatGPT irruption in education, digital literacy is crucial at all educational levels.

Global demand for crops will continue increasing over the next few decades to cover both food and biofuel needs. This demand will put further pressure to expand arable land and replace natural habitats. However, we are only beginning to understand the combined effects of agrochemicals and land use change on tropical freshwater biodiversity. Here, we analyzed how pond-dwelling anuran larvae respond to pond characteristics, landscape composition, and agrochemical contamination in a sugarcane-dominated agroecosystem in Brazil. Then, we used an information theoretical approach with generalized linear models to relate species richness and abundance to predictor variables. The variation in tadpole abundance was associated with both agrochemical concentration (e.g., Ametryn, Diuron, and Malathion) and landscape variables (e.g., percentage of forest, percentage of agriculture, and distance to the closest forest). The relationship between species abundance and agrochemicals was species-specific. For example, the abundance of Scinax fuscovarius and Physalaemus nattereri were negatively associated with Ametryn, and Dendropsophus nanus was negatively associated with Tebuthiuron, while that of Leptodactylus fuscus was positively associated with Malathion. Conversely, species richness was associated with distance to forest fragments and aquatic vegetation heterogeneity, but not agrochemicals. Although we were unable to assign a specific mechanism to the variation in tadpole abundance based on field observations, the lower abundance of three species in ponds with high concentrations of agrochemicals suggest they negatively impact some frog species inhabiting agroecosystems. We recommend conserving ponds near forest fragments, with abundant stratified vegetation, and far from agrochemical runoffs to safeguard more sensitive pond-breeding species.

El concepto de ganancia del cuidado ha sido usado como sinónimo de aspectos positivos del cuidado, generando dificultad para su uso investigativo y práctico. Objetivo: Clarificar el concepto de ganancia del cuidado en contextos de demencia. Material y Métodos: Este análisis de concepto utilizó la Metodología de Walker y Avant en 2019, ajustada a 7 pasos para este estudio. La información se recolectó mediante búsqueda bibliográfica, en bases de datos SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, CINAHL, ProQuest, LILACS y búsqueda manual de referencias, sin límite de tiempo. Se incluyeron en el análisis 18 estudios originales y de revisión. Resultados: La clarificación conceptual define la ganancia del cuidado como una consecuencia positiva, percibida como enriquecedora, que emerge de la interacción entre componentes contextuales (individuales, relacionales, comunitarios y sociales), la calidad y cantidad de las actividades de cuidado directo, y la duración del rol de cuidador. Esta ganancia trasciende tanto el periodo activo de cuidado como la etapa posterior a su finalización. Discusión: La ganancia del cuidado contiene elementos contextuales, variables temporales y de carga de cuidado cuya interacción enriquece a la persona cuidadora, mejorando la experiencia y calidad del cuidado. Esta clarificación reconoce su naturaleza fenomenológica y facilitará su uso en la investigación y la práctica del cuidado en la demencia. Conclusiones: En el cuidado familiar en demencia, la ganancia del cuidado es una consecuencia enriquecedora para quien cuida y mejora la calidad del cuidado. Se sugiere considerar su naturaleza subjetiva e incluirla en estudios futuros y en la práctica de enfermería.

The concept of gain of caring has been used as a synonym for positive aspects of care, making it difficult to use in research and practice. To clarify the concept of care gain in dementia contexts. The analysis of the concept of gaining care was conducted according to Walker and Avant's Methodology in 2019, with the seven steps adjusted for this study. Data were collected by a literature search during August 2024, in the databases SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, CINAHL, ProQuest, LILACS, and a manual search of article references with no time limit. Eighteen original and review studies were included in the analysis. The conceptual clarification defines caregiving gain as a positive, enriching consequence that emerges from the interaction among contextual components (individual, relational, community, and social), as well as the quality and quantity of direct care activities and the duration of the caregiving role. This gain transcends both the active caregiving period and the stage after its completion. The gain of caring includes contextual elements, time, and care burden variables, whose interactions enrich the caregiver experience and enhance the quality of care. This clarification, while recognizing its phenomenological nature, will facilitate its appropriate use in research and practice of dementia caregiving. In family caregiving in dementia, the gain of care is an enriching consequence for the caregiver and improves the quality of care. It is suggested that its subjective nature be considered in future studies and nursing practice.

We evaluated the use of oral deformities as reliable proxies for determining Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection in tadpoles of six anuran species of the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. We examined oral discs of 2156 tadpoles of six species of anurans collected in 2016: Aplastodiscus albosignatus, Boana albopunctata, Boana faber, Scinax hayii, Crossodactylus caramaschii, and Physalaemus cuvieri. Three oral deformities were recognized: lack of keratinization only in upper and/or lower jaw sheaths, lack of keratinization only in upper or lower tooth rows, and both deformities together. A subsample composed of all the individuals possessing oral deformities (N = 195) plus randomly selected individuals without oral deformities (N = 184) were tested for Bd via qPCR. Oral deformities were observed in all six species, but only five were infected with Bd. Since we found that dekeratinization of tooth rows was not associated with the presence of Bd in any of the studied species we used a new proxy (jaw sheaths dekeratinization with or without dekeratinization in tooth rows: JSD-proxy) for Bd detection. Our results showed a nonrandom relationship between Bd infection and JSD-proxy in three species of the family Hylidae. However, the use of JSD-proxy for Bd detection in these species resulted in up to 30.8% false positives and up to 29.3% false negatives. The use of the JSD-proxy in species for which no relationship was found reached 100% of false positives. We conclude that the use of oral dekeratinization as a generalized proxy for Bd detection in tadpoles should not be used as a single diagnosis technique.

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a holistic and transformative form of education that seeks action-oriented pedagogy using self-directed learning, participation, and collaboration, among other aspects, and is suitable for developing active methodologies. Since affective-emotional aspects can contribute in the teaching-learning process, this work studies, through a case study, the comparison of the influence of two active methodologies: Cooperative Learning (CL) and Project-Based Learning (PBL) in student emotions and learning processes, as well as their awareness of ESD. For that purpose, a survey was conducted at the fourth secondary level in the science laboratory, subjected to the innovation project e-WORLD, which developed the content of the 7 and 13 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the 2030 Agenda. Results of ANOVA and Tukey’s tests carried out showed that both methodologies improved skills and knowledge related to climate change and energy, and triggered major positive emotions in students. Furthermore, CL allowed students to acquire more individual and group responsibility than communication skills developed with PBL. It is necessary to continue working on the involvement of students in these methodologies in order to improve their social skills and to reveal life changes towards more socio-sustainable ones.

Este artículo analiza el problema de la escasez de suministros en la retaguardia republicana de ámbito rural y evalúa el impacto del fallido sistema de abastecimientos oficial en los comportamientos, estrategias y actitudes de la gente corriente. La investigación se centra en el uso de los expedientes de justicia y la prensa como fuentes principales para un estudio desde debajo de esta realidad en la provincia de Albacete. This article analyses the problem of supply shortages in the rural Republican rearguard and assesses the impact of the failed official supply system on the behaviors, strategies and attitudes of ordinary people. The research focuses on the use of court records and the press as the main sources for a study from below of this reality in the province of Albacete.

Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants found in different compartments with a high variable content from rocks and soils to waters. Boron is one of the less abundant elements in the earth’s crust. The 10 B, a naturally occurring isotope of boron, has a high neutron capture cross-section. This property makes boron an effective neutron absorber, useful for various environmental, geological and agronomic applications. For example, the B detection in different matrices is key for irrigation and fertilization, waste management or prospection of new deposits, among others. In the present research a number of seven different materials are simulated to calibrate and optimize the signals for boron quantification. The three signals that are sensitive to boron content are calculated at different points for varying geometries in order to increase the sensitivity to boron content. Calibration curves are obtained for varying B contents, and some applications of these are discussed. The conclusions drawn provide a basis for the assessment of the viability of neutron and gamma detectors as calibrating tools within simulated setups.

Este artículo analiza el problema de la escasez de suministros en la retaguardia republicana de ámbito rural y evalúa el impacto del fallido sistema de abastecimientos oficial en los comportamientos, estrategias y actitudes de la gente corriente. La investigación se centra en el uso de los expedientes de justicia y la prensa como fuentes principales para un estudio desde debajo de esta realidad en la provincia de Albacete. This article analyses the problem of supply shortages in the rural Republican rearguard and assesses the impact of the failed official supply system on the behaviors, strategies and attitudes of ordinary people. The research focuses on the use of court records and the press as the main sources for a study from below of this reality in the province of Albacete.

Basaluminite is a poorly crystalline aluminum hydroxysulfate that precipitates in waters affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) and in acid sulfate soils (ASS). Its ability to sequester potentially toxic elements, such as Cu and As, makes it an important component of these systems, with strong environmental implications. Although it was initially described as a mineral, basaluminite is now considered a nanoscale variety of felsobanyaite, a rare mineral. In the present study, chemical analyses of natural and synthetic basaluminites are combined with data from advanced nanoscale characterization techniques such as high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXD) and their corresponding pair distribution function (PDF) analyses, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. X-ray scattering data are analyzed with reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling to obtain an atomistic representation of the disorder presents in this nanomineral. Sulfur K-edge EXAFS results show that sulfate is coordinated to the aluminum-octahedral framework of basaluminite mainly through outer-sphere ligands, though the existence of inner-sphere ligands seems to be significant in synthetic samples. PDF analyses show that both synthetic and natural basaluminites have identical short-range order, with ∼1.2 nm coherent domain size, and share structural characteristics with felsobanyaite. Interestingly, 27Al ssNMR reveals the presence of, respectively, ∼1 and 5% of tetrahedral and pentahedral coordinations. RMC models of basaluminite highlight the presence of structural point defects. The understanding of this nanocrystalline character has important implications in terms of the reactivity of this nanomineral in AMD and ASS. The lack of correlation between the spatial and temporal occurrence of basaluminite and felsobanyaite suggests that the similarities between both mineral structures could be fortuitous, and highlights the need for a re-evaluation of the status of basaluminite as a nanomineral.