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China and the United States (US) ranked first and third in terms of new liver cancer cases and deaths globally in 2020. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer with four major etiological factors between China and the US during the past 30 years with age-period-cohort (APC) analyses is warranted. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, and period/cohort relative risks were estimated by APC modeling from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, there were 211,000 new liver cancer cases in China and 28,000 in the US, accounting for 39.4% and 5.2% of global liver cancer cases, respectively. For China, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) consecutively decreased before 2005 but increased slightly since then, whereas the ASIR continuously increased in the US. Among the four etiological factors of liver cancer, the fastest reduction in incidence was observed in hepatitis B virus-related liver cancer among Chinese women, and the fastest increase was in nonalcoholic steatosis hepatitis (NASH)-related liver cancer among American men. The greatest reduction in the incidence of liver cancer was observed at the age of 53 years in Chinese men (-5.2%/year) and 33 years in Chinese women (-6.6%/year), while it peaked at 58 years old in both American men and women (4.5%/year vs . 2.8%/year). Furthermore, the period risks of alcohol- and NASH-related liver cancer among Chinese men have been elevated since 2013. Simultaneously, leveled- off period risks were observed in hepatitis C viral-related liver cancer in both American men and women. Currently, both viral and lifestyle factors have been and will continue to play an important role in the time trends of liver cancer in both countries. More tailored and efficient preventive strategies should be designed to target both viral and lifestyle factors to prevent and control liver cancer.

Background Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is characterized by the presence of diffuse ground glass opacities and/or consolidation on chest CT. Emphysema has been reported occasionally. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis, incidence, imaging subtypes, and clinical impact of emphysema in patients with DAH are still unclear. Methods This was a retrospective clinical study. Children with DAH who were admitted to our hospital between January 2013 and December 2019 were included. All chest CT images of the patients were analyzed by two board-certified thoracic radiologists. The clinical features of the patients with diffuse emphysema were further analyzed. A matched case-control study was performed to explore the risk factors for developing diffuse emphysema. Results Ninety-four patients were included. Chest CT scans revealed emphysema in 28 patients (29.8%). Paraseptal emphysema ( n  = 24) was the most common imaging subtype. The median interval between the onset and development of emphysema was 11.0 months ( n  = 18, range: 2–113 months). Nine cases developed diffuse emphysema, in which six cases had persistent dyspnea and exercise intolerance, nine cases had persistent ground-glass opacities and 8 cases had a delay in initial treatment of 12 or more months. Compared to t hose in the matched control group, the interval between the onset and start of regular therapy with glucocorticoids was significantly longer in the cases with diffuse emphysema (median interval 13.5 vs. 1.5 months, P  < 0.01). Conclusions In cases with DAH, emphysema is a relatively common but ignored radiologic sign and diffuse emphysema seems to be a sign of irreversible lung function impairment. A delay in initial treatment is a risk factor for developing diffuse emphysema.

To the Editor: Previous studies paid less attention on the reasons of anemia in schoolchildren, particularly in a relatively well-off area, which might hamper policy design for anemia control. [...]the present study would explore the reasons for anemia in schoolchildren aged 5 to 11 years in Beijing based on personal data including dietary intake and serum biomarkers of nutrients. [...]with the exception of a small number of children with IDA, most anemia cases could not be attributed to common nutritional deficiencies, such as folate, vitamin A and vitamin B12. [...]the present study used cross-sectional data that limited causal inference. [...]the major factors influencing Hb in Beijing schoolchildren aged 5 to 11 years included their age and growth status.

AbstractBackground:China and the United States (US) ranked first and third in terms of new liver cancer cases and deaths globally in 2020. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer with four major etiological factors between China and the US during the past 30 years with age-period-cohort (APC) analyses is warranted.Methods:Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, and period/cohort relative risks were estimated by APC modeling from 1990 to 2019.Results:In 2019, there were 211,000 new liver cancer cases in China and 28,000 in the US, accounting for 39.4% and 5.2% of global liver cancer cases, respectively. For China, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) consecutively decreased before 2005 but increased slightly since then, whereas the ASIR continuously increased in the US. Among the four etiological factors of liver cancer, the fastest reduction in incidence was observed in hepatitis B virus-related liver cancer among Chinese women, and the fastest increase was in nonalcoholic steatosis hepatitis (NASH)-related liver cancer among American men. The greatest reduction in the incidence of liver cancer was observed at the age of 53 years in Chinese men (−5.2%/year) and 33 years in Chinese women (−6.6%/year), while it peaked at 58 years old in both American men and women (4.5%/year vs. 2.8%/year). Furthermore, the period risks of alcohol- and NASH-related liver cancer among Chinese men have been elevated since 2013. Simultaneously, leveled- off period risks were observed in hepatitis C viral-related liver cancer in both American men and women.Conclusions:Currently, both viral and lifestyle factors have been and will continue to play an important role in the time trends of liver cancer in both countries. More tailored and efficient preventive strategies should be designed to target both viral and lifestyle factors to prevent and control liver cancer.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems surpass certain human intelligence abilities in a statistical sense as a whole, but are not yet the true realization of these human intelligence abilities and behaviors. There are differences, and even contradictions, between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. With the goal of achieving general AI, this study contains a review of the role of cognitive science in inspiring the development of the three mainstream academic branches of AI based on the three-layer framework proposed by David Marr, and the limitations of the current development of AI are explored and analyzed. The differences and inconsistencies between the cognition mechanisms of the human brain and the computation mechanisms of AI systems are analyzed. They are found to be the cause of the differences and contradictions between the cognition and behavior of AI systems and humans. Additionally, eight important research directions and their scientific issues that need to focus on brain-inspired AI research are proposed: highly imitated bionic information processing, a large-scale deep learning model that balances structure and function, multi-granularity joint problem solving bidirectionally driven by data and knowledge, AI models that simulate specific brain structures, a collaborative processing mechanism with the physical separation of perceptual processing and interpretive analysis, embodied intelligence that integrates the brain cognitive mechanism and AI computation mechanisms, intelligence simulation from individual intelligence to group intelligence (social intelligence), and AI-assisted brain cognitive intelligence.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents and its association with several MetS-related biochemical markers. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out and data were extracted from the Nutrition and Health Surveillance in Primary and Secondary school students of Beijing (NHSPSB) 2017. Participants were aged 10–15 years old. MetS was diagnosed using the recommended criteria for Chinese adolescents. The associations among MetS, biochemical biomarkers, and socioeconomic status were estimated by multivariable linear regression. Results: The prevalence of MetS in adolescents in Beijing was 3% in the total sample, 4% in boys, and 2% in girls. Moreover, the prevalence of MetS in the overweight and obesity populations were 5% and 12% respectively. The prevalence of MetS remained higher in boys than in girls. The concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum uric acid (SUA), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were higher in the MetS children in comparison with non-MetS children (All p < 0.05), while the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration was lower in MetS children. After adjusting for socioeconomic parameters in the multivariable regression model, MetS was strongly associated with ALT, SUA, HDL, and LDL. The five components of MetS indicated that abdominal obesity and a high serum triglyceride (TG) concentration were tightly linked with ALT, SUA, LDL, and CRP; while a low HDL concentration and elevated blood pressure were related to enhanced ALT, UA, and CRP. Additionally, impaired fasting glucose was only related to increased ALT. Conclusion: The epidemiological issues of MetS in Beijing adolescents should be known across socioeconomic classes. Early intervention strategies, such as dietary pattern interventions and physical excise, should be designed for that population to reduce the disease burdens of cardiovascular disease (CVD), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and steatohepatitis in adulthood.

With an aim to investigate foam flow resistance in porous media, batch tests were carried out based on soil column. Foam resistance factor and foam injection pressure were selected to evaluate foam resistance ability. The influencing factors including liquid/gas/foam flow rate on foam resistance factor were studied on the basis of single-factor experiments. Also, a 2ᵏ factorial design was utilized to identify the most relevant process variable for foam injection pressure. The process variables such as injection foam size, foam quality, foam rate, and surfactant concentration in injection fluid were investigated. The results showed that foam resistance factor gradually diminished as liquid flow rate increased with a constant gas flow rate, while it increased with gas flow rate increasing with a constant liquid flow rate. The pressure distribution showed a steady downtrend across the soil column, which showed the flow uniformity of foam in soil column. It also indicated that dynamic equilibrium was reached between foam fracture and regeneration. The effects of process variables on foam injection pressure followed the order of foam quality > foam rate > injection foam size > surfactant concentration under the experimental conditions. The results indicated that the major effect on foam injection pressure was foam quality. The obtained results would provide useful information and technical support for actual in situ soil remediation when using foam-flushing technique.