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"Lu, Da"
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On triality defects in 2d CFT
A
bstract
We consider the triality fusion category discovered in the
c
= 1 Kosterlitz-Thouless theory [
1
]. We analyze this fusion category using the tools from the group theoretical fusion category and compute the simple lines, fusion rules and
F
-symbols. We then studied the physical implication of this fusion category including deriving the spin selection rule, computing the asymptotic density of states of irreducible representations of the fusion category symmetries, and analyzing its anomaly and constraints under the renormalization group flow. There is another set of
F
-symbols for the fusion categories with the same fusion rule known in the literature [
2
]. We find these two solutions are different as they lead to different spin selection rules. This gives a complete list of the fusion categories with the same fusion rule by the classification result in [
3
].
Journal Article
ضجيج في القصر السماوي
طلب الإمبراطور اليشمي من الحكيم الأكبر أن يساعده في إخضاع القرد وترويضه بعد أن أحدث الفوضى في القصر السماوي، أقام الحكيم الأكبر جبل العناصر الخمسة وسجن القرد تحته. وبعد خمسة قرون، كلف الإمبراطور تاي تسونغ من أسرة تانغ الراهب المشهور سان تسانغ، بجلب الكتب المقدسة من الفردوس الغربي. وأثناء رحلته إلى الغرب، أنقذ سان تسانغ القرد وحرره من سجنه، وبعد أن أنارت روح الخير قوان بن القرد، تحلى بالإيمان وصار تلميذا لسان تسانغ ورافقه في رحلته لحراسته في الطريق، وخلال رحلتهما هاجمهما قطاع طرق أرادوا سرقتهما، فضربهم القرد بعصاه الحديدية وقتلهم جميعا وأخذ أغراضهم، فوبخه سان ،تسانغ فاستشاط القرد غضبا لأنه لا يتحمل أن يوبخه أحد، وترك سان تسانغ وذهب لقصر الملك التنين في البحر الشرقي، لكن بعد أن نصحه الملك التنين عاد القرد مرة أخرى إلى معلمه سان تسانغ، وللسيطرة على القرد طلبت قوان ين من سان تسانغ أن يضع طوقا ذهبيا على رأس القرد، ويتلو تعويذة تضييق الطوق لمعاقبته إذا عصى الأوامر. وبالفعل بعد أن عاد القرد مرة أخرى ووضع القبعة على رأسه، وتلا المعلم التعويذة، فتلوى القرد ألما وتعهد أن يحسن التصرف ويطيع الأوامر. روضت قوان بن أيضا تنينا أبيض وحولته إلى حصان ليحمل سان تسانغ في رحلته.
Book
Self-duality under gauging a non-invertible symmetry
A
bstract
We discuss two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) which are invariant under gauging a non-invertible global symmetry. At every point on the orbifold branch of
c
= 1 CFTs, it is known that the theory is self-dual under gauging a ℤ
2
× ℤ
2
symmetry, and has Rep(
H
8
) and Rep(
D
8
) fusion category symmetries as a result. We find that gauging the entire Rep(
H
8
) fusion category symmetry maps the orbifold theory at radius
R
to that at radius 2/
R
. At
R
=
2
, which corresponds to two decoupled Ising CFTs (Ising
2
in short), the theory is self-dual under gauging the Rep(
H
8
) symmetry. This implies the existence of a topological defect line in the Ising
2
CFT obtained from half-space gauging of the Rep(
H
8
) symmetry, which commutes with the
c
= 1 Virasoro algebra but does not preserve the fully extended chiral algebra. We bootstrap its action on the
c
= 1 Virasoro primary operators, and find that there are no relevant or marginal operators preserving it. Mathematically, the new topological line combines with the Rep(
H
8
) symmetry to form a bigger fusion category which is a ℤ
2
-extension of Rep(
H
8
). We solve the pentagon equations including the additional topological line and find 8 solutions, where two of them are realized in the Ising
2
CFT. Finally, we show that the torus partition functions of the Monster
2
CFT and Ising
×
Monster CFT are also invariant under gauging the Rep(
H
8
) symmetry.
Journal Article
Overview of Recent Advances in Nano-Based Ocular Drug Delivery
Ocular diseases profoundly impact patients’ vision and overall quality of life globally. However, effective ocular drug delivery presents formidable challenges within clinical pharmacology and biomaterial science, primarily due to the intricate anatomical and physiological barriers unique to the eye. In this comprehensive review, we aim to shed light on the anatomical and physiological features of the eye, emphasizing the natural barriers it presents to drug administration. Our goal is to provide a thorough overview of various characteristics inherent to each nano-based drug delivery system. These encompass nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanofibers, dendrimers, liposomes, niosomes, nanowafers, contact lenses, hydrogels, microneedles, and innovative gene therapy approaches employing nano-based ocular delivery techniques. We delve into the biology and methodology of these systems, introducing their clinical applications over the past decade. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges illuminated by recent studies. While nano-based drug delivery systems for ophthalmic formulations are gaining increasing attention, further research is imperative to address potential safety and toxicity concerns.
Journal Article
Exploring G-ality defects in 2-dim QFTs
A
bstract
The Tambara-Yamagami (TY) fusion category symmetry
TY
A
χ
ϵ
describes the enhanced non-invertible self-duality symmetry of a 2-dim QFT under gauging a finite Abelian group
A
. We generalize the enhanced non-invertible symmetries by considering twisted gauging which allows stacking
A
-SPTs before and after the gauging. Such noninvertible symmetries can be obtained from invertible anyon permutation symmetries of the 3-dim SymTFT. Consider a finite group
G
formed by (un)twisted gaugings of
A
, a 2-dim QFT invariant under topological manipulations in
G
admits non-invertible
G-ality defects
. We study the classification and the physical implication of the
G
-ality defects using the SymTFT and the group-theoretical fusion categories, with three concrete examples. 1) Triality with
A
=
ℤ
N
×
ℤ
N
where
N
is coprime with 3. The classification was previously determined by Jordan and Larson where the data is similar to the TY fusion categories, and we determine the anomaly of these fusion categories. 2)
p
-ality with
A
=
ℤ
p
×
ℤ
p
where
p
is an odd prime. We consider two such categories
P
±
,
m
which are distinguished by different choices of the symmetry fractionalization, a new data that does not appear in the TY classification, and show that they have distinct anomaly structures and spin selection rules. 3)
S
3
-ality with
A
=
ℤ
N
×
ℤ
N
. We study their classification explicitly for
N
< 20 via SymTFT, and provide a group-theoretical construction for certain
N
. We find
N
= 5 is the minimal
N
to admit an
S
3
-ality and
N
= 11 is the minimal
N
to admit a group-theoretical
S
3
-ality.
Journal Article
PD-L1 inhibits acute and chronic pain by suppressing nociceptive neuron activity via PD-1
The authors identify programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), an immunity suppressor produced by cancer cells, as a new pain inhibitor and a neuromodulator. They report that PD-L1 is produced by melanoma and normal neural tissues and that it inhibits acute and chronic pain. Via activation of PD-1, its receptor, PD-L1 decreases the excitability of nociceptive neurons in mouse and human dorsal root ganglia.
Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is typically produced by cancer cells and suppresses immunity through the receptor PD-1 expressed on T cells. However, the role of PD-L1 and PD-1 in regulating pain and neuronal function is unclear. Here we report that both melanoma and normal neural tissues including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) produce PD-L1 that can potently inhibit acute and chronic pain. Intraplantar injection of PD-L1 evoked analgesia in naive mice via PD-1, whereas PD-L1 neutralization or PD-1 blockade induced mechanical allodynia. Mice lacking
Pd1
(
Pdcd1
) exhibited thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. PD-1 activation in DRG nociceptive neurons by PD-L1 induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, inhibited sodium channels and caused hyperpolarization through activation of TREK2 K
+
channels. PD-L1 also potently suppressed nociceptive neuron excitability in human DRGs. Notably, blocking PD-L1 or PD-1 elicited spontaneous pain and allodynia in melanoma-bearing mice. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role of PD-L1 as an endogenous pain inhibitor and a neuromodulator.
Journal Article
Biodegradable Polymer-Based Drug-Delivery Systems for Ocular Diseases
Ocular drug delivery is a challenging field due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Biodegradable polymers have emerged as promising tools for efficient and controlled drug delivery in ocular diseases. This review provides an overview of biodegradable polymer-based drug-delivery systems for ocular diseases with emphasis on the potential for biodegradable polymers to overcome the limitations of conventional methods, allowing for sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted therapy. Natural and synthetic polymers are both discussed, highlighting their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Various formulation strategies, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microemulsions, among others, are investigated, detailing preparation methods, drug encapsulation, and clinical applications. The focus is on anterior and posterior segment drug delivery, covering glaucoma, corneal disorders, ocular inflammation, retinal diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Safety considerations, such as biocompatibility evaluations, in vivo toxicity studies, and clinical safety, are addressed. Future perspectives encompass advancements, regulatory considerations, and clinical translation challenges. In conclusion, biodegradable polymers offer potential for efficient and targeted ocular drug delivery, improving therapeutic outcomes while reducing side effects. Further research is needed to optimize formulation strategies and address regulatory requirements for successful clinical implementation.
Journal Article
Updates on Biodegradable Formulations for Ocular Drug Delivery
The complex nature of the ocular drug delivery barrier presents a significant challenge to the effective administration of drugs, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes. To address this issue, it is essential to investigate new drugs and alternative delivery routes and vehicles. One promising approach is the use of biodegradable formulations to develop potential ocular drug delivery technologies. These include hydrogels, biodegradable microneedles, implants, and polymeric nanocarriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, nanomicelles, and nanoemulsions. The research in these areas is rapidly growing. In this review, we provide an overview of recent updates in biodegradable formulations for ocular drug delivery over the past decade. Additionally, we examine the clinical use of different biodegradable formulations in various ocular diseases. The aim of this review is to gain a deeper understanding of potential future trends in biodegradable ocular drug delivery systems and to raise awareness of their potential for practical clinical application as a means of providing new treatment options for ocular diseases.
Journal Article
Presynaptic NMDARs on spinal nociceptor terminals state-dependently modulate synaptic transmission and pain
Postsynaptic NMDARs at spinal synapses are required for postsynaptic long-term potentiation and chronic pain. However, how presynaptic NMDARs (PreNMDARs) in spinal nociceptor terminals control presynaptic plasticity and pain hypersensitivity has remained unclear. Here we report that PreNMDARs in spinal nociceptor terminals modulate synaptic transmission in a nociceptive tone-dependent manner. PreNMDARs depresses presynaptic transmission in basal state, while paradoxically causing presynaptic potentiation upon injury. This state-dependent modulation is dependent on Ca
2+
influx via PreNMDARs. Small conductance Ca
2+
-activated K
+
(SK) channels are responsible for PreNMDARs-mediated synaptic depression. Rather, tissue inflammation induces PreNMDARs-PKG-I-dependent BDNF secretion from spinal nociceptor terminals, leading to SK channels downregulation, which in turn converts presynaptic depression to potentiation. Our findings shed light on the state-dependent characteristics of PreNMDARs in spinal nociceptor terminals on modulating nociceptive transmission and revealed a mechanism underlying state-dependent transition. Moreover, we identify PreNMDARs in spinal nociceptor terminals as key constituents of activity-dependent pain sensitization.
Postsynaptic NMDARs at spinal synapses are required for postsynaptic long-term potentiation and chronic pain. Here, the authors show that also presynaptic NMDARs in spinal nociceptor terminals modulate synaptic transmission in a nociceptive tone-dependent manner.
Journal Article