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The Low Energy X-ray telescope (LE) is one of the three main instruments of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope ( Insight- HXMT) . It is equipped with Swept Charge Device (SCD) sensor arrays with a total geometrical area of 384 cm and an energy band from 0.7 to 13 keV. In order to evaluate the particle induced X-ray background and the cosmic X-ray background simultaneously, LE adopts collimators to define four types of Field Of Views (FOVs), i.e., 1.6°×6°, 4°×6°, 50°-60°×2°-6° and the blocked ones which block the X-ray by an aluminum cover. LE is constituted of three detector boxes (LEDs) and an electric control box (LEB) and achieves a good energy resolution of 140 eV@5.9 keV, an excellent time resolution of 0.98 ms, as well as an extremely low pileup (<1%@18000 cts/s). Detailed performance tests and calibration on the ground have been performed, including energy-channel relation, energy response, detection efficiency and time response.

The Insight -Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope ( Insight -HXMT) is a broadband X-ray and γ-ray (1-3000 keV) astronomy satellite. One of its three main telescopes is the High Energy X-ray telescope (HE). The main detector plane of HE comprises 18 NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na) phoswich detectors, where NaI(Tl) is used as the primary detector to measure ~ 20–250 keV photons incident from the field of view (FOV) defined by collimators, and CsI(Na) is used as the active shielding detector to NaI(Tl) by pulse shape discrimination. Additionally, CsI(Na) is used as an omnidirectional γ-ray monitor. The HE collimators have a diverse FOV, i.e. 1.1°×5.7° (15 units), 5.7°×5.7° (2 units), and blocked (1 unit). Therefore, the combined FOV of HE is approximately 5.7°×5.7°. Each HE detector has a diameter of 190 mm resulting in a total geometrical area of approximately 5100 cm 2 , and the energy resolution is ~15% at 60 keV. For each recorded X-ray event by HE, the timing accuracy is less than 10 μs and the dead-time is less than 10 μs. HE is used for observing spectra and temporal variability of X-ray sources in the 20–250 keV band either by pointing observations for known sources or scanning observations to unveil new sources. Additionally, HE is used for monitoring the γ-ray burst in 0.2-3 MeV band. This paper not only presents the design and performance of HE instruments but also reports results of the on-ground calibration experiments.

The search for the experimental evidence of quantum spin liquid (QSL) states is critical but extremely challenging, as the quenched interaction randomness introduced by structural imperfection is usually inevitable in real materials. YCu 3 (OH) 6.5 Br 2.5 (YCOB) is a spin-1/2 kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet (KHA) with strong coupling of 〈 J 1 〉 ~ 51 K but without conventional magnetic freezing down to 50 mK ~ 0.001〈 J 1 〉. Here, we report a Br nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of the local spin susceptibility and dynamics on the single crystal of YCOB. The temperature dependence of NMR main-line shifts and broadening can be well understood within the frame of the KHA model with randomly distributed hexagons of alternate exchanges, compatible with the formation of a randomness-induced QSL state at low temperatures. The in-plane spin fluctuations as measured by the spin-lattice relaxation rates (1/ T 1 ) exhibit a weak temperature dependence down to T  ~ 0.03〈 J 1 〉. Our results demonstrate that the majority of spins remain highly fluctuating at low temperatures despite the quenched disorder in YCOB. In search of a quantum spin liquid, spin dynamics in a recently proposed candidate, kagome material YCu 3 (OH) 6.5 Br 2.5 was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance. The work highlights the role of quantum fluctuations in the presence of random disorder in relation to gapless quantum spin liquids.

Developing electrocatalysts to inhibit polysulfide shuttling and expedite sulfur species conversion is vital for the evolution of Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. This work provides a facile strategy to design an intimate heterostructure of MIL‐88A@CdS as a sulfur electrocatalyst combining high sulfur adsorption and accelerated polysulfide conversion. The MIL‐88A can give a region of high‐ordered polysulfide adsorption, whereas the CdS is an effective nanoreactor for the sulfur reduction reaction (SRR). Notedly, the significant size difference between MIL‐88A and CdS enables the unique heterostructure interactions. The large‐size MIL‐88A ensures a uniform distribution of CdS nanoparticles as a substrate. This configuration facilitates control of the initial polysulfide adsorption position relative to its final deposition site as lithium sulfide. The heterostructure also demonstrates rapid transport and efficient conversion of lithium polysulfides. Consequently, the Li‐S battery with MIL‐88A@CdS heterostructure modified separator delivers exceptional performance, achieving an areal capacity exceeding 6 mAh cm−2, an excellent rate capability of 980 mAh g−1 at 5 C, and notable cycling stability in a 2 Ah pouch cell over 100 cycles. This work is significant for elucidating the relationship between heterostructure and electrocatalytic performance, providing great insights for material design aimed at highly efficient future electrocatalysts in practical applications. An intimate MIL‐88A@CdS heterostructure electrocatalyst has been designed as an effective modified separator for Li‐S batteries. This configuration highlights the size‐contrasting heterostructures, which play a crucial role in achieving effective sulfur electrocatalysis, and integrates the strengths of strong polysulfide adsorption with the capable catalytic conversion of sulfur species.

The nature of localized-itinerant transition in Kondo lattice systems remains a mystery despite intensive investigations in past decades. While it is often identified from the coherent peak in magnetic resistivity, recent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and ultrafast optical spectroscopy revealed a precursor incoherent region with band bending and hybridization fluctuations. This raises the question of how the coherent heavy-electron state is developed from an incoherent background of fluctuating localized moments and then established at sufficiently low temperatures. Here, on the example of the quasi-one-dimensional Kondo lattice compound CeCo 2 Ga 8 , we show that planar Hall effect and planar anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements provide an effective way to disentangle the incoherent Kondo scattering contribution and the coherent heavy-electron contribution, and a multi-stage process is directly visualized with lowering temperature by their distinct angle-dependent patterns in magneto-transport. Our idea may be extended to other measurements and thereby opens up a pathway for systematically investigating the fundamental physics of Kondo lattice coherence. This work studies the localized-itinerant transition in Kondo lattice systems, and opens up a pathway to investigate the puzzling physics of Kondo lattice coherence. In particular, the authors demonstrate that the incoherent Kondo scattering contribution and the coherent heavy-electron contribution can be told apart by performing planar Hall effect and planar anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements.

As China’s first X-ray astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), which was dubbed as Insight -HXMT after the launch on June 15, 2017, is a wide-band (1-250 keV) slat-collimator-based X-ray astronomy satellite with the capability of all-sky monitoring in 0.2-3 MeV. It was designed to perform pointing, scanning and gamma-ray burst (GRB) observations and, based on the Direct Demodulation Method (DDM), the image of the scanned sky region can be reconstructed. Here we give an overview of the mission and its progresses, including payload, core sciences, ground calibration/facility, ground segment, data archive, software, in-orbit performance, calibration, background model, observations and some preliminary results.

The Medium Energy X-ray telescope (ME) is one of the three main telescopes on board the Insight hard X-ray modulation telescope ( Insight- HXMT) astronomy satellite. ME contains 1728 pixels of Si-PIN detectors sensitive in 5–30 keV with a total geometrical area of 952 cm 2 . The application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, VA32TA6, is used to achieve low power consumption and low readout noise. The collimators define three kinds of field of views (FOVs) for the telescope, 1°×4°, 4°×4°, and blocked ones. Combination of such FOVs can be used to estimate the in-orbit X-ray and particle background components. The energy resolution of ME is ~3 keV at 17.8 keV (FWHM) and the time resolution is 255 μs. In this paper, we introduce the design and performance of ME.

In this White Paper we present the potential of the Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission for determining the nature of dense matter; neutron star cores host an extreme density regime which cannot be replicated in a terrestrial laboratory. The tightest statistical constraints on the dense matter equation of state will come from pulse profile modelling of accretion-powered pulsars, burst oscillation sources, and rotation-powered pulsars. Additional constraints will derive from spin measurements, burst spectra, and properties of the accretion flows in the vicinity of the neutron star. Under development by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020s.

The 100-m X-ray Test Facility of the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) was initially proposed in 2012 for the test and calibration of the X-ray detectors of the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) with the capability to support future X-ray missions. The large instrument chamber connected with a long vacuum tube can accommodate the X-ray mirror, focal plane detector and other instruments. The X-ray sources are installed at the other end of the vacuum tube with a distance of 105 m, which can provide an almost parallel X-ray beam covering 0.2 ∼ 60 keV energy band. The X-ray mirror modules of the Einstein Probe (EP) and the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP) and payload of the Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) have been tested and calibrated with this facility. It has been also used to characterize the focal plane camera and aluminum filter used on the Einstein Probe. In this paper, we will introduce the overall configuration and capability of the facility, and give a brief introduction of some calibration results performed with this facility.