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A new physics package containing revised convection and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Global Forecast System is described. The shallow convection (SC) scheme in the revision employs a mass flux parameterization replacing the old turbulent diffusion-based approach. For deep convection, the scheme is revised to make cumulus convection stronger and deeper to deplete more instability in the atmospheric column and result in the suppression of the excessive grid-scale precipitation. The PBL model was revised to enhance turbulence diffusion in stratocumulus regions. A remarkable difference between the new and old SC schemes is seen in the heating or cooling behavior in lower-atmospheric layers above the PBL. While the old SC scheme using the diffusion approach produces a pair of layers in the lower atmosphere with cooling above and heating below, the new SC scheme using the mass-flux approach produces heating throughout the convection layers. In particular, the new SC scheme does not destroy stratocumulus clouds off the west coasts of South America and Africa as the old scheme does. On the other hand, the revised deep convection scheme, having a larger cloud-base mass flux and higher cloud tops, appears to effectively eliminate the remaining instability in the atmospheric column that is responsible for the excessive grid-scale precipitation in the old scheme. The revised PBL scheme, having an enhanced turbulence mixing in stratocumulus regions, helps prevent too much low cloud from forming. An overall improvement was found in the forecasts of the global 500-hPa height, vector wind, and continental U.S. precipitation with the revised model. Consistent with the improvement in vector wind forecast errors, hurricane track forecasts are also improved with the revised model for both Atlantic and eastern Pacific hurricanes in 2008.

Mg 3 (Sb,Bi) 2 is a promising thermoelectric material suited for electronic cooling, but there is still room to optimize its low-temperature performance. This work realizes >200% enhancement in room-temperature zT by incorporating metallic inclusions (Nb or Ta) into the Mg 3 (Sb,Bi) 2 -based matrix. The electrical conductivity is boosted in the range of 300–450 K, whereas the corresponding Seebeck coefficients remain unchanged, leading to an exceptionally high room-temperature power factor >30 μW cm −1 K −2 ; such an unusual effect originates mainly from the modified interfacial barriers. The reduced interfacial barriers are conducive to carrier transport at low and high temperatures. Furthermore, benefiting from the reduced lattice thermal conductivity, a record-high average zT  > 1.5 and a maximum zT of 2.04 at 798 K are achieved, resulting in a high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 15%. This work demonstrates an efficient nanocomposite strategy to enhance the wide-temperature-range thermoelectric performance of n-type Mg 3 (Sb,Bi) 2 , broadening their potential for practical applications. The utilization of Mg 3 (Sb,Bi) 2 in thermoelectric devices is hindered by its low performance near room temperature. Here, authors report thermoelectric performance enhancement of Mg 3 (Sb,Bi) 2 within a wide temperature range by incorporating metallic inclusions at grain boundaries. (279 in total)

Although carbon itself acts as a catalyst in various reactions, the classical carbon materials (e.g., activated carbons, carbon aerogels, carbon black, carbon fiber, etc.) usually show low activity, stability, and oxidation resistance. With the recent availability of nanocarbon catalysts, the application of carbon materials in catalysis has gained a renewed momentum. The research is concentrated on tailoring the surface chemistry of nanocarbon materials, since the pristine carbons in general are not active for heterogeneous catalysis. Surface functionalization, doping with heteroatoms, and creating defects are the most used strategies to make efficient catalysts. However, the nature of the catalytic active sites and their role in determining the activity and selectivity is still not well understood. Herein, the types of active sites reported for several mainstream nanocarbons, including carbon nanotubes, graphene‐based materials, and 3D porous nanocarbons, are summarized. Knowledge about the active sites will be beneficial for the design and synthesis of nanocarbon catalysts with improved activity, selectivity, and stability. The types of catalytic active sites recently reported for several nanocarbons, including carbon nanotubes, graphene‐based materials, and 3D porous nanocarbons, are reviewed.

هذا الكتاب هو الأول من نوعه الذي يتناول مفهوم العولمة الشاملة في ضوء مبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" الصينية التي أعلن عنها الرئيس الصيني عام 2013، وهو يضم تفسيرات شاملة للعولمة الاقتصادية التي تعد المحور الأساسي لمفهوم العولمة الشاملة، ويستعرض هذا الكتاب في قسمين رئيسيين، الخلفية التاريخية لمبادرة الحزام والطريق، منذ نشأة طريق الحرير القديم، كما يتناول مفهوم العولمة الاقتصادية وقيودها، والتوسع الاقتصادي العالمي قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية، وحدود العولمة الاقتصادية وإمكاناتها، بالإضافة إلى تغيرات نمط الاقتصاد العالمي، وتحولات التنمية الصينية، وفكر ودلالة بناء \"الحزام والطريق\"، بما في ذلك الدلالة الجغرافية والاقتصادية والتجارية وغيرها، كما يتناول العلاقة بين بناء \"الحزام والطريق\" و\"استراتيجية التنمية الإقليمية\"، وبناء ممرات نقل برية عابرة للحدود، وصناعة نموذج \"استراتيجية الانطلاق العالمية\"، وبناء منصة للانفتاح على العالم، بالإضافة إلى التعاون الثقافي بين البلدان الواقعة على طول الحزام والطريق. أما القسم الثاني من الكتاب فيضم عددا من الدراسات والبحوث الأكاديمية التي تتناول المحتوى العلمي لمبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" وتعزيز السلام والتنمية العالمية من خلال \"روح طريق الحرير\" وكذلك نقاط سوء الفهم حول المبادرة، بالإضافة إلى لقاءات مع مراسلي أكبر الشبكات الإعلامية الصينية، التي تناولت قيادة حقبة جديدة من العولمة الشاملة من أجل بناء هيكل اقتصادي عالمي أكثر توازنا وشمولا.

GeTe is a promising mid-temperature thermoelectric compound but inevitably contains excessive Ge vacancies hindering its performance maximization. This work reveals that significant enhancement in the dimensionless figure of merit ( ZT ) could be realized by defect structure engineering from point defects to line and plane defects of Ge vacancies. The evolved defects including dislocations and nanodomains enhance phonon scattering to reduce lattice thermal conductivity in GeTe. The accumulation of cationic vacancies toward the formation of dislocations and planar defects weakens the scattering against electronic carriers, securing the carrier mobility and power factor. This synergistic effect on electronic and thermal transport properties remarkably increases the quality factor. As a result, a maximum ZT  > 2.3 at 648 K and a record-high average ZT (300-798 K) were obtained for Bi 0.07 Ge 0.90 Te in lead-free GeTe-based compounds. This work demonstrates an important strategy for maximizing the thermoelectric performance of GeTe-based materials by engineering the defect structures, which could also be applied to other thermoelectric materials. The intrinsic high-concentration Ge vacancies in GeTe-based thermoelectric materials hinder their performance maximization. Here, the authors find that defect structure engineering strategy is effective for performance enhancement.

ينطلق هذا المجلد من العلاقة الهيكلية بين \"الفضاء\" و\"الثقافة\"، ويجمع بين مفهوم \"الفضاء\" في الجغرافيا ومفهوم \"السياق\" في الدراسات الثقافية وغيرهم من المفاهيم الأخرى، ويشرح نماذج ودلالات وأهداف مبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\" في سياق الحضارة الحديثة، ويصف صورة امتداد الحضارة على المحور التاريخي لـ \"الحزام والطريق\"، ويحلل الدلالة الثقافية في كل من اتجاه القيمة وبناء القوة الناعمة وإنشاء السياق الشرقي الخاصين بمبادرة \"الحزام والطريق\"، ويفسر علاقة الارتباط بين الثقافة الوطنية لـ \"الحزام والطريق\" والفضاء الوطني، ويكشف عن السرد عبر الفضاء للرموز الثقافية لـ \"الحزام والطريق\" ويوضح التعبير الرقمي والمرئي لواقع \"الحزام والطريق\"

While there has been a surge of studies on English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ emotions and identities in research engagement, limited attention has been paid to how they integrate teacher and researcher identities and negotiate different emotions in research practice over time. Drawing on data from a variety of sources over a decade, this longitudinal self-narrative study investigated how an EFL academic (the author) negotiated and navigated conflicting identities and emotions in the process of becoming a teacher-researcher in a changing context. The findings unfolded the changes in her emotions and professional identity development over the course of her 10-year research journey, beginning as a discontented and perplexed performer with weak emotional resilience, progressing to a pressured and strenuous follower with moderate emotional resilience, and finally becoming a relentless and resolute integrator with strong emotional resilience. Her final integration of teacher and researcher identities represented her redemption on this bumpy journey. Implications for EFL teachers, school leaders, and education policymakers on how to help EFL academics integrate professional identities were also discussed. Plain Language Summary This longitudinal qualitative study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the dynamic interactions among academic identity, teacher emotions, and socio-institutional changes through the lens of emotional resilience. Through revisiting the experiences of an ordinary representative EFL academic in a non-elite public university in China’s higher education, a bottom-up examination serves as a small window for readers to understand the teaching and research practices of Chinese universities. Using data from a variety of sources over a span of a decade, this study discovered that over the course of an EFL academic’s 10-year research journey, she experienced a wide range of emotions and negotiated her professional identities, eventually identifying with the teacher-researcher role in a complex environment. An analogy to The Shawshank Redemption could metaphorically represent her dynamic emotional responses and identity development. She began her research journey as a discontented and perplexed performer with weak emotional resilience, progressed to a pressured and strenuous follower with moderate emotional resilience, and finally became a relentless and resolute integrator with strong emotional resilience. Her final integration of teacher and researcher identities represented her redemption on this bumpy journey. This study has implications for not only individual EFL teachers but also for school leaders and education policymakers interested in assisting EFL academics in becoming emotionally resilient and integrating professional identities in research practice. In future research, a co-autoethnography study could provide a more informative interpretation of EFL teachers’ research emotions and identity development.