Explore the vast range of titles available.

In Cooper pairs--pairs of electrons responsible for the exotic properties of superconductors--the two electrons' spins typically point in opposite directions. A strong-enough external magnetic field will destroy superconductivity by making the spins point in the same direction. Lu et al. observed a two-dimensional superconducting state in the material MoS2 that was surprisingly immune to a magnetic field applied in the plane of the sample (see the Perspective by Suderow). The band structure of MoS2 and its spin-orbit coupling conspired to create an effective magnetic field that reinforced the electron pairing, with spins aligned perpendicular to the sample. Science, this issue p. 1353; see also p. 1316 The Zeeman effect, which is usually detrimental to superconductivity, can be strongly protective when an effective Zeeman field from intrinsic spin-orbit coupling locks the spins of Cooper pairs in a direction orthogonal to an external magnetic field. We performed magnetotransport experiments with ionic-gated molybdenum disulfide transistors, in which gating prepared individual superconducting states with different carrier dopings, and measured an in-plane critical field Bc2 far beyond the Pauli paramagnetic limit, consistent with Zeeman-protected superconductivity. The gating-enhanced Bc2 is more than an order of magnitude larger than it is in the bulk superconducting phases, where the effective Zeeman field is weakened by interlayer coupling. Our study provides experimental evidence of an Ising superconductor, in which spins of the pairing electrons are strongly pinned by an effective Zeeman field.

Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers can host Ising-type superconductivity and if two such layers are coupled, exotic superconducting phases may emerge. Here, the authors induce a coupled superconducting state with tuneable Ising protection by means of symmetric, double-side ionic liquid gating.

The length‐weight relationships (LWRs) are presented for eight freshwater fish species (Acheilognathus macropterus, Saurogobio dabryi, Saurogobio gymnocheilus, Sinobdella sinensis, Pelteobagrus eupogon, Rhinogobius cliffordpopei, Neosalanx jordani, and Silurus meridionalis) from the Yangtze River and Lake Taihu. A total of 1044 specimens were sampled and measured between July 2012 and June 2014. Among the eight species, five species have no LWR estimates in FishBase.

Recently, the use of linear features for processing remote sensing images has shown its importance in applications. As one of typical linear targets, road is a hot spot of remote sensing image interpretation. Since extracting road by manual processing is too expensive and time consuming, researches based on automatic and semi-automatic have become more and more popular. Such interest is motivated by the requirements for civilian and military applications, such as road maps, traffic monitoring, navigation applications, and topographic mapping. How to extract road accurately and efficiently from SAR images is a key problem. In this paper, through analyzing characteristics of road, semi-automatic road extraction based on Extend Kalman Filtering (EKF) and Particles Filtering (PF), is presented. These two methods have the same algorithm flow which is an iterative approach based on prediction and update. The specific procedure as follows: at prediction stage, we obtain prior probability density function by the prior stage and prediction model, and through prior probability density function and the new measurement, at update stage we obtain the posterior probability density function which is the optimal estimation of road system state. Both EKF and PF repeat the steps above until the extracting tasks are finished. We use these two methods to extract road respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through the experiments from Howland by UAVSAR in L-band. And through contrast experiments, we discover that extracting difference complexity of road based on different methods can improve accuracy and efficiency. The results show that EKF has better performance on road with middle noise and PF has better performance on road with high noise.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Enterovirus A-71 (EV-A71) may be fatal, but the natural history, symptoms, and signs are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the natural history of fatal EV-A71 infection and to identify the symptoms and signs of early warning of deterioration. This was a clinical observational study of fatal cases of EV-A71 infection treated at five Chinese hospitals between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012. We recorded and analysed 91 manifestations of EV-A71 infection in order to identify early prognosis indicators. There were 54 fatal cases. Median age was 21.5 months (Q1−Q3: 12–36). The median duration from onset to death was 78.5 h (range, 6 to 432). The multilayer perceptron analysis showed that ataxia respiratory, ultrahyperpyrexia, excessive tachycardia, refractory shock, absent pharyngeal reflex, irregular respiratory rhythm, hyperventilation, deep coma, pulmonary oedema and/or haemorrhage, excessive hypertension, tachycardia, somnolence, CRT extension, fatigue or sleepiness and age were associated with death. Autopsy findings (n = 2) showed neuronal necrosis, softening, perivascular cuffing, colloid and neuronophagia phenomenon in the brainstem. The fatal cases of enterovirus A71 had neurologic involvement, even at the early stage. Direct virus invasion through the neural pathway and subsequent brainstem damage might explain the rapid progression to death.

Rainfall data is the most basic and essential input for many studies in hydrology, climatology, or water management. However, rainfall data is quite limited in poorly equipped regions such as high mountain regions, developing countries, and savannahs. In recent years, a new approach named SM2RAIN that has been proposed to assess rainfall amount on a daily scale. This method uses the relative saturation of soil (Se) as the input to infer rainfall. Some of these studies showed promising results in evaluating rainfall by using SM2RAIN. Over past decades, however, some other studies have also found that the soil water content (SWC), which is used to calculate the Se, has errors associated with diurnal temperature fluctuation. As soil water content is the primary input variable of SM2RAIN, this error must have impacts on the performance of SM2RAIN. In this study, the authors have assessed and cleared the impact of temperature on SM2RAIN performance. Thus, an effective temperature correction method has been applied to remove the impact of temperature on soil water content at 19 sites over the United States, Africa (Senegal) and Europe (Romania) in varies climatic conditions to assess the impact of temperature effect removal on results of SM2RAIN algorithm. The criteria to evaluate the program such as Nash-Sutcliff has increased up to 53% depending on the initial results and climatic condition. The correlation coefficient has positive change as well. As a result, this removing makes the performance of the algorithm better.

Investments in wind power are booming in Norway. Several wind power plants have been constructed to exploit the wind energy. However, construction of wind farms has potential impacts on the surrounding environment. Particularly, waste from construction site or activities of workers, leakage of oil and chemical would spread into the nearby waterbodies by runoff or infiltrating into ground. Hence, quality of surface water and ground water would be degraded. Raudfjell and Kvitfjell is the biggest on-shore wind power project in the north of Norway and is underconstruction. However, water quality around these two wind farms has been reported to be seriously polluted. The pollutants in the water are expected to disperse to surrounding area by runoff and accumulate at certain accumulation areas in the watershed. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify the directions of pollutants transportation and the potential vulnerable areas that may be affected by the pollution. This paper built up a D8 flow model to investigate pollutants dispersion at the small-scale watershed Bogdalen located between Raudfjell and Kvitfjell wind farm area. The model identified in detail possible single-flow directions on each cell of ground surface and detected the potential pathways where pollutants are expected to transport to and accumulate. The results stated that the model has provided promising results for pollution management.

To investigate the heavy metal pollution in leachate from sanitary landfill site of municipal solid waste, a survey was conducted in Tromsø, Northern Norway. Results shows that contents of heavy metals in landfill leachate follow the order Mn>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>As>Pb>Cd>Hg, and the order of the risk of different heavy metals is: Mn>Ni>As>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cd>Hg>Cu. The concentrations of Mn and Ni in landfill leachate exceeded the standard. Mn had the highest single standard index. it took the highest risk to surround water and environment. According to comprehensive evaluation of water quality, the landfill leachate is moderately polluted. It is helpful for the control and management of leachate in garbage plants to know the degree and types of heavy metal pollution in leachate.