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Exosome, a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, plays diverse roles in various biological processes. As one of the most abundant components of exosomes, exosomal proteins have been revealed to participate in the development of many diseases, such as carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, neurological disorders, immune responses, cardiovascular diseases, and infection. Thus, understanding the functions and mechanisms of exosomal proteins potentially assists clinical diagnosis and targeted delivery of therapies. However, current knowledge about the function and application of exosomal proteins is still limited. In this review, we summarize the classification of exosomal proteins, and the roles of exosomal proteins in exosome biogenesis and disease development, as well as in the clinical applications.

This paper aims to explore the integration of Marxism and Chinese-style modernization and its practical application in the context of the digital intelligence era. Through theoretical Analysis and empirical research, a system for assessing development of Marxist Chinese-style modernization has been established. The study finds that Marxism’s multiple characteristics, such as political, scientific, people’s, practical, developmental, and revolutionary, provide theoretical support for Chinese-style modernization. This paper uses grey correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models to evaluate the modernization development of 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China during 2010-2019. The study results show that the Marxist Chinese-style modernization index has grown from 0.164 in 2010 to 0.731 in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 34.57%. The index significantly impacts the quality of the regional economy, cultural industry, and ecological environment. The study shows that the application of Marxism in China accelerates economic development and promotes the governance of cultural industry and ecological environment, which provides impetus for the construction of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.

Cysteine palmitoylation (S-palmitoylation) is a reversible post-translational modification that is installed by the DHHC family of palmitoyltransferases and is reversed by several acyl protein thioesterases 1 , 2 . Although thousands of human proteins are known to undergo S-palmitoylation, how this modification is regulated to modulate specific biological functions is poorly understood. Here we report that the key T helper 17 (T H 17) cell differentiation stimulator, STAT3 3 , 4 , is subject to reversible S-palmitoylation on cysteine 108. DHHC7 palmitoylates STAT3 and promotes its membrane recruitment and phosphorylation. Acyl protein thioesterase 2 (APT2, also known as LYPLA2) depalmitoylates phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) and enables it to translocate to the nucleus. This palmitoylation–depalmitoylation cycle enhances STAT3 activation and promotes T H 17 cell differentiation; perturbation of either palmitoylation or depalmitoylation negatively affects T H 17 cell differentiation. Overactivation of T H 17 cells is associated with several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In a mouse model, pharmacological inhibition of APT2 or knockout of Zdhhc7 —which encodes DHHC7—relieves the symptoms of IBD. Our study reveals not only a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBD but also a model through which S-palmitoylation regulates cell signalling, which might be broadly applicable for understanding the signalling functions of numerous S-palmitoylation events. The dynamic and reversible S-palmitoylation of the transcription factor STAT3 enhances its activation and promotes the differentiation of T H 17 cells.

Age-related changes to histone levels are seen in many species. However, it is unclear whether changes to histone expression could be exploited to ameliorate the effects of ageing in multicellular organisms. Here we show that inhibition of mTORC1 by the lifespan-extending drug rapamycin increases expression of histones H3 and H4 post-transcriptionally through eIF3-mediated translation. Elevated expression of H3/H4 in intestinal enterocytes in Drosophila alters chromatin organisation, induces intestinal autophagy through transcriptional regulation, and prevents age-related decline in the intestine. Importantly, it also mediates rapamycin-induced longevity and intestinal health. Histones H3/H4 regulate expression of an autophagy cargo adaptor Bchs (WDFY3 in mammals), increased expression of which in enterocytes mediates increased H3/H4-dependent healthy longevity. In mice, rapamycin treatment increases expression of histone proteins and Wdfy3 transcription, and alters chromatin organisation in the small intestine, suggesting that the mTORC1-histone axis is at least partially conserved in mammals and may offer new targets for anti-ageing interventions.

Periodontitis is a prevalent and destructive inflammatory disease that is closely linked to various systemic conditions. In recent years, the local delivery of therapeutic agents via novel biomaterials has emerged as a promising strategy for periodontitis therapy. Notably, the pathological reduction of endogenous power of hydrogen (pH) within periodontal pockets provides a valuable trigger for stimuli-responsive drug delivery. This narrative review aims to summarize advances in endogenous pH-responsive drug delivery systems (DDS) for periodontitis treatment, with a focus on their design mechanisms and therapeutic potential. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase (up to March 2025) using keywords 'pH-responsive', 'drug delivery', and 'periodontitis'. Studies investigating the preparation and therapeutic effects of pH-responsive DDS for periodontitis were included and critically evaluated. pH-responsive materials are capable of undergoing structural transformations and triggering drug release in the pathological acidic microenvironment of periodontitis. The DDS based on these materials can be broadly classified into three categories: nanoparticles, nanofibers, and hydrogels. The protonation and the cleavage of chemical bonds are the primary response mechanisms. Programmed periodontitis recovery is crucial in the design of these DDS. pH-responsive DDS offer a promising strategy for localized periodontal therapy. However, challenges such as clinical translation, biosafety evaluation, and personalized release modulation remain. Future research should focus on multifunctional, programmable platforms to accelerate clinical adoption.

As a quintessential example of soft matter, smart microswimmers bridge the gap between soft matter physics and functional robotics. The development of autonomous navigation of smart microswimmers in complex fluid environments is thus vital, addressing core challenges in the development of robotics in targeted drug delivery and precision surgery. Reinforcement learning is rapidly emerging as an effective solution for such challenges. Traditional deep Q-network (DQN) method often exhibits the limitations of insufficient exploration and low learning and sampling efficiency in complex fluid environments. To address these limitations, we present an efficient deep Q-learning-based approach, which incorporates a novel exploration strategy and an experience sampling strategy into the classic DQN method. The proposed approach enhances exploration through a learned network that generates state-dependent weights and improves sampling efficiency through the use of state-experience clustering in experience replay. We apply the proposed method to three particle navigation tasks in complex fluid environments and show that the proposed method outperforms many existing DQN-variants. The proposed approach enables the efficient calculation of optimal strategies, serving as an effective solver for intelligent navigation challenges across various physics and engineering scenarios.

Touch displays are ubiquitous in modern technologies. However, current protective methods for emerging flexible displays against static, scratches, bending, and smudge rely on multilayer materials that impede progress towards flexible, lightweight, and multifunctional designs. Developing a single coating layer integrating all these functions remains challenging yet highly anticipated. Herein, we introduce an organic–inorganic covalent–ionic hybrid network that leverages the reorganizing interaction between siloxanes (i.e., trifluoropropyl–funtionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and cyclotrisiloxane) and fluoride ions. This nanoscale organic–inorganic covalent–ionic hybridized crosslinked network, combined with a low surface energy trifluoropropyl group, offers a monolithic layer coating with excellent optical, antistatic, anti–smudge properties, flexibility, scratch resistance, and recyclability. Compared with existing protective materials, this all–in–one coating demonstrates comprehensive multifunctionality and closed–loop recyclability, making it ideal for future flexible displays and contributing to ecological sustainability in consumer electronics. Lin et al. report a nanoscale organic-inorganic covalent-ionic hybrid network leveraging the reorganising interaction between siloxanes and fluoride ions, enabling a single layer coating with excellent optical, antistatic, anti-smudge, anti-scratch, and mechanical properties for touch displays.

Microbial cell factories, renowned for their economic and environmental benefits, have emerged as a key trend in academic and industrial areas, particularly in the fermentation of natural compounds. Among these, plant-derived terpenes stand out as a significant class of bioactive natural products. The large-scale production of such terpenes, exemplified by artemisinic acid—a crucial precursor to artemisinin—is now feasible through microbial cell factories. In the fermentation of terpenes, two-phase fermentation technology has been widely applied due to its unique advantages. It facilitates in situ product extraction or adsorption, effectively mitigating the detrimental impact of product accumulation on microbial cells, thereby significantly bolstering the efficiency of microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. This paper reviews the latest developments in two-phase fermentation system applications, focusing on microbial fermentation of plant-derived terpenes. It also discusses the mechanisms influencing microbial biosynthesis of terpenes. Moreover, we introduce some new two-phase fermentation techniques, currently unexplored in terpene fermentation, with the aim of providing more thoughts and explorations on the future applications of two-phase fermentation technology. Lastly, we discuss several challenges in the industrial application of two-phase fermentation systems, especially in downstream processing.

Dark photon is a new gauge boson beyond the Standard Model as a kind of dark matter (DM) candidate. Dark photon dark matter (DPDM) interacts with electromagnetic fields via kinetic mixing, implicating an approach to give a constraint with extragalactic very high energy (VHE) sources. In this work, we attempt to constrain the kinetic mixing from the photon-dark photon scattering process in the host galaxy of blazar, the intergalactic medium and the Milky Way. The VHE photons from a blazar would pass through a dense DM spike around the supermassive black hole where the absorption from DPDM is dramatically enhanced. The kinetic mixing is constrained to be ϵ ∼ 10 - 7 at a 95 % confidence level with m D ∼ 0.03 - 1 eV mass range from the observations of Markarian (Mrk) 421 and Mrk 501.

Progressive immune dysfunction associated with aging is known as immunosenescence. The age-related deterioration of immune function is accompanied by chronic inflammation and microenvironment changes. Immunosenescence can affect both innate and acquired immunity. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response that affects parenchymal organs, such as the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, liver, urinary system, and central nervous system, according to the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA). The initial immune response is characterized by an excess release of inflammatory factors, followed by persistent immune paralysis. Moreover, immunosenescence was found to complement the severity of the immune disorder following sepsis. Furthermore, the immune characteristics associated with sepsis include lymphocytopenia, thymus degeneration, and immunosuppressive cell proliferation, which are very similar to the characteristics of immunosenescence. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of immunosenescence after sepsis and its subsequent effects on the organs may contribute to the development of promising therapeutic strategies. This paper focuses on the characteristics of immunosenescence after sepsis and rigorously analyzes the possible underlying mechanism of action. Based on several recent studies, we summarized the relationship between immunosenescence and sepsis-related organs. We believe that the association between immunosenescence and parenchymal organs might be able to explain the delayed consequences associated with sepsis.