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Semi-mensurale Informationen zur Liedrhythmik des 13. Jahrhunderts
Das Rhythmusproblem des hochmittelalterlichen Liedes gilt als unlosbar, seit die Diskussion vor mehr als vierzig Jahren zu einem kontroversen Stillstand gekommen ist. Sang man alle Lieder der Troubadours und Trouveres im 3/4-Takt, oder war den Melodien ein akzentloses, gregorianisches Schweben eigen? Die moderne Auffuhrungspraxis, die uns ein Klangbild vermitteln mochte und sich sonst gern als historisch informiert bezeichnet, fischt in diesem Fall im Truben. Eine bisher missverstandene Notenschrift, die kurzlebige semi-mensurale Notation, schafft jetzt eine neue Ausgangslage. Sie bildet rhythmische Strukturen ab und entzieht neugregorianischen Spekulationen den Boden. Stattdessen werden Versfu-Architekturen erkennbar, die sich je nach Liedtyp mehr oder weniger variantenreich manifestieren. Im Fokus von Robert Lugs Studie steht die Metrik des romanischen Singverses, ein gemeinsames Forschungsfeld von Romanistik und Musikwissenschaft.
eBook
Impact of high atmospheric carbon dioxide on the biotic stress response of the model cereal species Brachypodium distachyon
Losses due to disease and climate change are among the most important issues currently facing crop production. It is therefore important to establish the impact of climate change, and particularly of high carbon dioxide (hCO 2 ), on plant immunity in cereals, which provide 60% of human calories. The aim of this study was to determine if hCO 2 impacts Brachypodium distachyon immunity, a model plant for temperate cereals. Plants were grown in air (430 ppm CO 2 ) and at two high CO 2 conditions, one that is relevant to projections within the coming century (1000 ppm) and a concentration sufficient to saturate photosynthesis (3000 ppm). The following measurements were performed: phenotyping and growth, salicylic acid contents, pathogen resistance tests, and RNAseq analysis of the transcriptome. Improved shoot development was observed at both 1000 and 3000 ppm. A transcriptomic analysis pointed to an increase in primary metabolism capacity under hCO 2 . Alongside this effect, up-regulation of genes associated with secondary metabolism was also observed. This effect was especially evident for the terpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways, and was accompanied by enhanced expression of immunity-related genes and accumulation of salicylic acid. Pathogen tests using the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae revealed that hCO 2 had a complex effect, with enhanced susceptibility to infection but no increase in fungal development. The study reveals that immunity in B. distachyon is modulated by growth at hCO 2 and allows identification of pathways that might play a role in this effect.
Journal Article
Connecting blood and intratumoral Treg cell activity in predicting future relapse in breast cancer
Regulatory T (T
reg
) cells play a major role in the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The origin of intratumoral T
reg
cells and their relationship with peripheral blood T
reg
cells remain unclear. T
reg
cells consist of at least three functionally distinct subpopulations. Here we show that peripheral blood CD45RA
−
FOXP3
hi
T
reg
cells (T
reg
II cells) are phenotypically closest to intratumoral T
reg
cells, including in their expression of CCR8. Analyses of T cell antigen receptor repertoires further support the hypothesis that intratumoral T
reg
cells may originate primarily from peripheral blood T
reg
II cells. Moreover, the signaling responsiveness of peripheral blood T
reg
II cells to immunosuppressive, T helper type 1 (T
H
1) and T helper type 2 (T
H
2) cytokines reflects intratumoral immunosuppressive potential, and predicts future relapse in two independent cohorts of patients with breast cancer. Together, our findings give important insights into the relationship between peripheral blood T
reg
cells and intratumoral T
reg
cells, and highlight cytokine signaling responsiveness as a key determinant of intratumoral immunosuppressive potential and clinical outcome.
T
reg
cells obstruct effective anticancer responses. Lee and colleagues describe a T
reg
cell biomarker signature that is strongly associated with enhanced suppression and progression of human breast cancer.
Journal Article
Solar flare effects in the Earth’s magnetosphere
The Earth’s magnetosphere is the outermost layer of the geospace system deflecting energetic charged particles from the Sun and solar wind. The solar wind has major impacts on the Earth’s magnetosphere, but it is unclear whether the same holds for solar flares—a sudden eruption of electromagnetic radiation on the Sun. Here we use a recently developed whole geospace model combined with observational data from the 6 September 2017 X9.3 solar flare event to reveal solar flare effects on magnetospheric dynamics and on the electrodynamic coupling between the magnetosphere and its adjacent ionosphere, the ionized part of Earth’s upper atmosphere. We observe a rapid and large increase in flare-induced photoionization of the polar ionospheric E-region at altitudes between 90 km and 150 km. This reduces the efficiency of mechanical energy conversion in the dayside solar wind–magnetosphere interaction, resulting in less Joule heating of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, a reconfiguration of magnetosphere convection, as well as changes in dayside and nightside auroral precipitation. This work thus demonstrates that solar flare effects extend throughout the geospace via electrodynamic coupling, and are not limited—as previously believed—to the atmospheric region where radiation energy is absorbed1.The solar wind affects the magnetosphere, but whether this holds true for solar flares was unclear. By combining geospace modelling with observations, solar flares are shown to influence the dynamics of the magnetosphere and its ionosphere coupling.
Journal Article
Xanthoceraside Could Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms of Rats by Affecting the Gut Microbiota Composition and Modulating the Endogenous Metabolite Levels
Xanthoceraside (XAN) is a natural-derived compound with anti-Alzheimer activity from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia . Although its therapeutic effect had been confirmed in previous studies, the mechanism was still unclear due to its poor solubility and low permeability. In this study, the pharmacological effect of XAN on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was confirmed by behavior experiments and H&E staining observation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment also replicated the therapeutic effects, which indicates the potential targets of XAN on gut microbiota. The sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples demonstrated that XAN reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis in AD animals. XAN could change the relative abundances of several phyla and genus of bacterial, particularly the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes . Among them, Clostridium IV , Desulfovibrio , Corynebacterium , and Enterorhabdus had been reported to be involved in the pathologic developments of AD and other central nervous system disease. In metabolomics study, a series of host endogenous metabolites were detected, including amino acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, dihydrosphingosine, phytosphingosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine, which were all closely associated with the development of AD. Combined with the Spearman’s correlation analysis, it was confirmed that the increases of five bacterial strains and decreases of six bacterial strains were closely correlated with the increases of nine host metabolites and the decreases of another five host metabolites. Therefore, XAN can modulate the structure of gut microbiota in AD rats; the changes of gut microbiota were significantly correlated with endogenous metabolites, and symptom of AD was ultimately alleviated. Our findings suggest that XAN may be a potential therapeutic drug for AD, and the gut microbiota may be potential targeting territory of XAN via microbiome–gut–brain pathway.
Journal Article
Establishment of patient-derived tumor spheroids for non-small cell lung cancer
The prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is poor. One of the reasons for this hampered progress has been a lack of in vitro models that would faithfully recapitulate the heterogeneity of tumors and response to treatment. In this study, surgically resected tumors were obtained from patients with stage I/II NSCLC during curative-intent surgery. Using a 3D patient-derived tumor spheroids culture system, our results demonstrate successful long-term expansion of primary NSCLC cells in vitro (> 120 days). Patient-derived tumor spheroid (PDS) cultures could be established with a success rate of 100% (3 out of 3 samples). Consistent with their growth in culture and their cancer type, many cells within the tumor spheroids were stained positive for Ki67 and thyroid transcription factor-1. The result of this study supports the establishment of an expandable 3D in vitro NSCLC model for drug screening, and enables the potential long term studies such as the establishment of drug resistant models.
Journal Article
Semi-Mensurale Informationen Zur Liedrhythmik des 13. Jahrhunderts
Das Rhythmusproblem des hochmittelalterlichen Liedes gilt als unlösbar, seit die Diskussion vor mehr als vierzig Jahren zu einem kontroversen Stillstand gekommen ist.Sang man alle Lieder der Troubadours und Trouvères im 3/4-Takt, oder war den Melodien ein akzentloses, gregorianisches Schweben eigen?.
eBook
Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Stents are an alternative treatment to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis, but previous trials have not established equivalent safety and efficacy. We compared the safety of carotid artery stenting with that of carotid endarterectomy.
The International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) is a multicentre, international, randomised controlled trial with blinded adjudication of outcomes. Patients with recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive carotid artery stenting or carotid endarterectomy. Randomisation was by telephone call or fax to a central computerised service and was stratified by centre with minimisation for sex, age, contralateral occlusion, and side of the randomised artery. Patients and investigators were not masked to treatment assignment. Patients were followed up by independent clinicians not directly involved in delivering the randomised treatment. The primary outcome measure of the trial is the 3-year rate of fatal or disabling stroke in any territory, which has not been analysed yet. The main outcome measure for the interim safety analysis was the 120-day rate of stroke, death, or procedural myocardial infarction. Analysis was by intention to treat (ITT). This study is registered, number ISRCTN25337470.
The trial enrolled 1713 patients (stenting group, n=855; endarterectomy group, n=858). Two patients in the stenting group and one in the endarterectomy group withdrew immediately after randomisation, and were not included in the ITT analysis. Between randomisation and 120 days, there were 34 (Kaplan-Meier estimate 4·0%) events of disabling stroke or death in the stenting group compared with 27 (3·2%) events in the endarterectomy group (hazard ratio [HR] 1·28, 95% CI 0·77–2·11). The incidence of stroke, death, or procedural myocardial infarction was 8·5% in the stenting group compared with 5·2% in the endarterectomy group (72
vs 44 events; HR 1·69, 1·16–2·45, p=0·006). Risks of any stroke (65
vs 35 events; HR 1·92, 1·27–2·89) and all-cause death (19
vs seven events; HR 2·76, 1·16–6·56) were higher in the stenting group than in the endarterectomy group. Three procedural myocardial infarctions were recorded in the stenting group, all of which were fatal, compared with four, all non-fatal, in the endarterectomy group. There was one event of cranial nerve palsy in the stenting group compared with 45 in the endarterectomy group. There were also fewer haematomas of any severity in the stenting group than in the endarterectomy group (31
vs 50 events; p=0·0197).
Completion of long-term follow-up is needed to establish the efficacy of carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy. In the meantime, carotid endarterectomy should remain the treatment of choice for patients suitable for surgery.
Medical Research Council, the Stroke Association, Sanofi-Synthélabo, European Union.
Journal Article
Statistical patterns of human mobility in emerging Bicycle Sharing Systems
The emerging Bicycle Sharing System (BSS) provides a new social microscope that allows us to \"photograph\" the main aspects of the society and to create a comprehensive picture of human mobility behavior in this new medium. BSS has been deployed in many major cities around the world as a short-distance trip supplement for public transportations and private vehicles. A unique value of the bike flow data generated by these BSSs is to understand the human mobility in a short-distance trip. This understanding of the population on short-distance trip is lacking, limiting our capacity in management and operation of BSSs. Many existing operations research and management methods for BSS impose assumptions that emphasize statistical simplicity and homogeneity. Therefore, a deep understanding of the statistical patterns embedded in the bike flow data is an urgent and overriding issue to inform decision-makings for a variety of problems including traffic prediction, station placement, bike reallocation, and anomaly detection. In this paper, we aim to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the bike flow data using two large datasets collected in Chicago and Hangzhou over months. Our analysis reveals intrinsic structures of the bike flow data and regularities in both spatial and temporal scales such as a community structure and a taxonomy of the eigen-bike-flows.
Journal Article