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We have used a calibrated, wide-field hyperspectral imaging instrument to obtain absolute spectrally and spatially resolved photoluminescence images in high growth-rate, rear-junction GaAs solar cells from 300 to 77 K. At the site of some localized defects scattered throughout the active layer, we report a novel, double-peak luminescence emission with maximum peak energies corresponding to both the main band-to-band transition and a band-to-impurity optical transition below the band gap energy. Temperature-dependent imaging reveals that the evolution of the peak intensity and energy agrees well with a model of free-to-bound recombination with a deep impurity center, likely a gallium antisite defect. We also analyzed the temperature dependence of the band-to-band transition within the context of an analytical model of photoluminescence and discuss the agreement between the modeling results and external device parameters such as the open circuit voltage of the solar cells over this broad temperature range.

Nanocrystal quantum dots (QD) show great promise toward improving solar cell efficiencies through the use of quantum confinement to tune absorbance across the solar spectrum and enable multi-exciton generation. Despite this remarkable potential for high photocurrent generation, the achievable open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) is fundamentally limited due to non-radiative recombination processes in QD solar cells. Here we report the highest open-circuit voltages to date for colloidal QD based solar cells under one sun illumination. This V oc of 692 ± 7 mV for 1.4 eV PbS QDs is a result of improved passivation of the defective QD surface, demonstrating as a function of the QD bandgap ( E g ). Comparing experimental V oc variation with the theoretical upper-limit obtained from one diode modeling of the cells with different E g , these results clearly demonstrate that there is a tremendous opportunity for improvement of V oc to values greater than 1 V by using smaller QDs in QD solar cells.

Emerging classes of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules reach efficiencies that are far greater than those of even the highest performance flat-plate PV technologies, with architectures that have the potential to provide the lowest cost of energy in locations with high direct normal irradiance (DNI). A disadvantage is their inability to effectively use diffuse sunlight, thereby constraining widespread geographic deployment and limiting performance even under the most favorable DNI conditions. This study introduces a module design that integrates capabilities in flat-plate PV directly with the most sophisticated CPV technologies, for capture of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby achieving efficiency in PV conversion of the global solar radiation. Specific examples of this scheme exploit commodity silicon (Si) cells integrated with two different CPV module designs, where they capture light that is not efficiently directed by the concentrator optics onto large-scale arrays of miniature multijunction (MJ) solar cells that use advanced III–V semiconductor technologies. In this CPV⁺ scheme (“+” denotes the addition of diffuse collector), the Si and MJ cells operate independently on indirect and direct solar radiation, respectively. On-sun experimental studies of CPV⁺ modules at latitudes of 35.9886° N (Durham, NC), 40.1125° N (Bondville, IL), and 38.9072° N (Washington, DC) show improvements in absolute module efficiencies of between 1.02% and 8.45% over values obtained using otherwise similar CPV modules, depending on weather conditions. These concepts have the potential to expand the geographic reach and improve the cost-effectiveness of the highest efficiency forms of PV power generation.

Emerging classes ofconcentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules reach efficiencies that are far greater than those of even the highest performance flat-plate PV technologies, with architectures that have the potential to provide the lowest cost of energy in locations with high direct normal irradiance (DNI). A disadvantage is their inability to effectively use diffuse sunlight, thereby constraining widespread geographic deployment and limiting performance even under the most favorable DNI conditions. This study introduces a module design that integrates capabilities in flat-plate PV directly with the most sophisticated CPV technologies, for capture of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby achieving efficiency in PV conversion of the global solar radiation. Specific examples of this scheme exploit commodity silicon (Si) cells integrated with two different CPV module designs, where they capture light that is not efficiently directed by the concentrator optics onto large-scale arrays of miniature multijunction (MJ) solar cells that use advanced III-V semiconductor technologies. In this CPV+ scheme (\"+\" denotes the addition of diffuse collector), the Si and MJ cells operate independently on indirect and direct solar radiation, respectively. On-sun experimental studies of CPV+ modules at latitudes of 35.9886° N (Durham, NC), 40.1125° N (Bondville, IL), and 38.9072° N (Washington, DC) show improvements in absolute module efficiencies of between 1.02% and 8.45% over values obtained using otherwise similar CPV modules, depending on weather conditions. These concepts have the potential to expand the geographic reach and improve the cost-effectiveness of the highest efficiency forms of PV power generation.

Nov. 3, 1821, aged 73, MRS. MARTHA HEAP, widow of the late MR. JOHN HEAP, who was, for nearly forty years, a worthy Local-Preacher in the Methodist connexion. She was brought to the knowledge of the truth about forty-five years ago, and from that time to the end of her life, I believe, there never was a stain upon her moral character.

Nov. 3, 1821, aged 73, MRS. MARTHA HEAP, widow of the late MR. JOHN HEAP, who was, for nearly forty years, a worthy Local-Preacher in the Methodist connexion. She was brought to the knowledge of the truth about forty-five years ago, and from that time to the end of her life, I believe, there never was a stain upon her moral character.

ObjectivesCivility relates to politeness while showing respect to those around us. Incivility therefore implies unsociable speech or behaviour. In the context of civility in hospitals, this means treating colleagues with the respect needed to ensure effective teamwork for excellent patient care. Civility Saves Lives campaigns have illustrated the detrimental behaviour that incivility can have in the workplace, and frameworks exist to combat this to ensure employee protection. This project aims to identify the current state of civility among paediatric departments to identify areas for improvement and highlight if this impacts patient care.MethodsAn anonymous 30-question survey was created to determine feelings of incivility and sent to medical trainees who had worked within general paediatrics at Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital (Cardiff, Wales) within the last 3 years. The survey was designed to allow respondents to candidly discuss experiences they had when contacting paediatric departments and if they faced incivility. Using Likert scales, the questionnaire assessed concerns about contacting departments, if staff felt personally victimised and whether this was due to protected characteristics. Trainees were asked if they had or would deviate from normal practice due to concerns and were able to provide evidence using free text.ResultsThe survey was sent to 240 junior doctors who worked at Noah’s Ark for general or speciality paediatrics between 2020–2023 via email. 49 completed the survey (response rate 20.4%). 49% stated they felt personally victimised, with 3 feeling this was due to protected characteristics (2 gender, 1 ethnicity). 32.7% believed feelings about contacting a department have influenced their patient care, and 95.9% agreed care could be improved between departments. Department A caused the most concern, with 34 (69.4%) stating they were concerned (29 (59.2%)), or very concerned (5 (10.2%)) about discussing a patient, with 17 (34.7%) stating this changed patient management. In free text, examples included ‘avoidance’ and ‘delaying contacting’. Other departments, such as B, however, had 0 respondents who were concerned, and 100% hadn’t changed practice.ConclusionA significant number of staff flagged that incivility exists within paediatric departments and that patient care could be improved by improving civility. Several expressed apprehensions about contacting others, most concerningly, 3 feel this is based on protective characteristics. The next step is to approach departments with results and provide opportunities for training to minimise incivility to create a better working atmosphere and safer patient care.

Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is especially useful for targets within endosomes because of the endosomal transport mechanisms of many nanomedicines within cells. Here, we report the design of a pH-responsive, soft polymeric nanoparticle for the targeting of acidified endosomes to precisely inhibit endosomal signalling events leading to chronic pain. In chronic pain, the substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) redistributes from the plasma membrane to acidified endosomes, where it signals to maintain pain. Therefore, the NK1R in endosomes provides an important target for pain relief. The pH-responsive nanoparticles enter cells by clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis and accumulate in NK1R-containing endosomes. Following intrathecal injection into rodents, the nanoparticles, containing the FDA-approved NK1R antagonist aprepitant, inhibit SP-induced activation of spinal neurons and thus prevent pain transmission. Treatment with the nanoparticles leads to complete and persistent relief from nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic nociception and offers a much-needed non-opioid treatment option for chronic pain.