Explore the vast range of titles available.

Large-scale implementation of electrochemical hydrogen production requires several fundamental issues to be solved, including understanding the mechanism and developing inexpensive electrocatalysts that work well at high current densities. Here we address these challenges by exploring the roles of morphology and surface chemistry, and develop inexpensive and efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Three model electrocatalysts are flat platinum foil, molybdenum disulfide microspheres, and molybdenum disulfide microspheres modified by molybdenum carbide nanoparticles. The last catalyst is highly active for hydrogen evolution independent of pH, with low overpotentials of 227 mV in acidic medium and 220 mV in alkaline medium at a high current density of 1000 mA cm −2 , because of enhanced transfer of mass (reactants and hydrogen bubbles) and fast reaction kinetics due to surface oxygen groups formed on molybdenum carbide during hydrogen evolution. Our work may guide rational design of electrocatalysts that work well at high current densities. Hydrogen production from water provides one avenue toward harnessing renewable energy, although large-scale implementation remains a challenge. Here, authors explore roles of morphology and surface chemistry, and develop efficient catalysts for hydrogen evolution at high current densities.

The high-throughput scalable production of cheap, efficient and durable electrocatalysts that work well at high current densities demanded by industry is a great challenge for the large-scale implementation of electrochemical technologies. Here we report the production of a two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide-based ink-type electrocatalyst by a scalable exfoliation technique followed by a thermal treatment. The catalyst delivers a high current density of 1000 mA cm −2 at an overpotential of 412 mV for the hydrogen evolution. Using the same method, we produce a cheap mineral-based catalyst possessing excellent performance for high-current-density hydrogen evolution. Noteworthy, production rate of this catalyst is one to two orders of magnitude higher than those previously reported, and price of the mineral is five orders of magnitude lower than commercial Pt electrocatalysts. These advantages indicate the huge potentials of this method and of mineral-based cheap and abundant natural resources as catalysts in the electrochemical industry. The large-scale implementation of electrochemical technologies will require the high-throughput production of high-performance, inexpensive catalysts. Here, authors demonstrate earth abundant molybdenite as raw materials to produce efficient MoS 2 catalysts for high current density H 2 evolution.

The use of highly-active and robust catalysts is crucial for producing green hydrogen by water electrolysis as we strive to achieve global carbon neutrality. Noble metals like platinum are currently used catalysts in industry for the hydrogen evolution, but suffer from scarcity, high price and unsatisfied performance and stability at large current density, restrict their large-scale implementations. Here we report the synthesis of a type of monolith catalyst consisting of a metal disulfide (e.g., tantalum sulfides) vertically bonded to a conductive substrate of the same metal tantalum by strong covalent bonds. These features give the monolith catalyst a mechanically-robust and electrically near-zero-resistance interface, leading to an excellent hydrogen evolution performance including rapid charge transfer and excellent durability, together with a low overpotential of 398 mV to achieve a current density of 2,000 mA cm −2 as required by industry. The monolith catalyst has a negligible performance decay after 200 h operation at large current densities. In light of its robust and metallic interface and the various choices of metals giving the same structure, such monolith materials would have broad uses besides catalysis. Water electrolysis is a promising hydrogen production technique but is restricted from large-scale application due to poor performance and high cost. Here, the authors report a mechanically stable monolith electrocatalyst that achieves superior hydrogen evolution at large current densities.

Direct seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen gas (H 2 ) production. However, the chloride ions in seawater lead to side reactions and corrosion, which result in a low efficiency and poor stability of the electrocatalyst and hinder the use of seawater electrolysis technology. Here we report a corrosion-resistant RuMoNi electrocatalyst, in which the in situ-formed molybdate ions on its surface repel chloride ions. The electrocatalyst works stably for over 3000 h at a high current density of 500 mA cm −2 in alkaline seawater electrolytes. Using the RuMoNi catalyst in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, we report an energy conversion efficiency of 77.9% and a current density of 1000 mA cm −2 at 1.72 V. The calculated price per gallon of gasoline equivalent (GGE) of the H 2 produced is $ 0.85, which is lower than the 2026 technical target of $ 2.0/GGE set by the United Stated Department of Energy, thus, suggesting practicability of the technology. Direct seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen production but suffers severe side reactions and corrosion. Here, the authors report a corrosion-resistant electrocatalyst with in situ-formed chloride-ion-repelling cation layer for efficient and long-lasting seawater oxidation.

Transparent hydrogels are key materials for many applications, such as contact lens, imperceptible soft robotics and invisible wearable devices. Introducing large and engineerable optical anisotropy offers great prospect for endowing them with extra birefringence-based functions and exploiting their applications in see-through flexible polarization optics. However, existing transparent hydrogels suffer from limitation of low and/or non-fine engineerable birefringence. Here, we invent a transparent magneto-birefringence hydrogel with large and finely engineerable optical anisotropy. The large optical anisotropy factor of the embedded magnetic two-dimensional material gives rise to the large magneto-birefringence of the hydrogel in the transparent condition of ultra-low concentration, which is several orders of magnitude larger than usual transparent magnetic hydrogels. High transparency, large and tunable optical anisotropy cooperatively permit the magnetic patterning of interference colours in the hydrogel. The hydrogel also shows mechanochromic and thermochromic property. Our finding provides an entry point for applying hydrogel in optical anisotropy and colour centred fields, with several proof-of-concept applications been demonstrated. Though transparent hydrogels with tunable optical anisotropy are attractive for soft robotics, wearable devices and optical applications, achieving large birefringence has been a challenge. Here, the authors report a transparent hydrogel with large, uniform and magnetically tunable birefringence.

With the increasing number of patients infected with syphilis in the past 20 years, early diagnosis and early treatment are essential to decline syphilis prevalence. Owing to its diverse manifestations, which may occur in other infections, the disease often makes clinicians confused. Therefore, a sensitive method for detecting T. pallidum is fundamental for the prompt diagnosis of syphilis. Morphological observation, immunohistochemical assay, rabbit infectivity test, serologic tests, and nucleic acid amplification assays have been applied to the diagnosis of syphilis. Morphological observation, including dark-field microscopy, silver-staining, and direct fluorescent antibody staining for T. pallidum , can be used as a direct detection method for chancre specimens in primary syphilis. Immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive and specific assay, especially in the lesion biopsies from secondary syphilis. Rabbit infectivity test is considered as a sensitive and reliable method for detecting T. pallidum in clinical samples and used as a historical standard for the diagnosis of syphilis. Serologic tests for syphilis are widely adopted using non-treponemal or treponemal tests by either the traditional or reverse algorithm and remain the gold standard in the diagnosis of syphilis patients. In addition, nucleic acid amplification assay is capable of detecting T. pallidum DNA in the samples from patients with syphilis. Notably, PCR is probably a promising method but remains to be further improved. All of the methods mentioned above play important roles in various stages of syphilis. This review aims to provide a summary of the performance characteristics of detection methods for syphilis.

Constructing stable electrodes which function over long timescales at large current density is essential for the industrial realization and implementation of water electrolysis. However, rapid gas bubble detachment at large current density usually results in peeling-off of electrocatalysts and performance degradation, especially for long term operations. Here we construct a mechanically-stable, all-metal, and highly active CuMo 6 S 8 /Cu electrode by in-situ reaction between MoS 2 and Cu. The Chevrel phase electrode exhibits strong binding at the electrocatalyst-support interface with weak adhesion at electrocatalyst-bubble interface, in addition to fast hydrogen evolution and charge transfer kinetics. These features facilitate the achievement of large current density of 2500 mA cm −2 at a small overpotential of 334 mV which operate stably at 2500 mA cm −2 for over 100 h. In-situ total internal reflection imaging at micrometer level and mechanical tests disclose the relationships of two interfacial forces and performance of electrocatalysts. This dual interfacial engineering strategy can be extended to construct stable and high-performance electrodes for other gas-involving reactions. Stable electrodes which operate at large current density are essential for industrial water electrolysis. Here, a highly active Chevrel phase electrode is reported to achieve 2500 mA/cm −2 current density for 300 hours at small overpotentials.

Targeted immunomodulation for reactivating innate cells, especially macrophages, holds great promise to complement current adaptive immunotherapy. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of high-performance therapeutics for blocking macrophage phagocytosis checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors. Herein, a peptide-antibody combo-supramolecular in situ assembled CD47 and CD24 bi-target inhibitor (PAC-SABI) is described, which undergoes biomimetic surface propagation on cancer cell membranes through ligand-receptor binding and enzyme-triggered reactions. By simultaneously blocking CD47 and CD24 signaling, PAC-SABI enhances the phagocytic ability of macrophages in vitro and in vivo, promoting anti-tumor responses in breast and pancreatic cancer mouse models. Moreover, building on the foundation of PAC-SABI-induced macrophage repolarization and increased CD8 + T cell tumor infiltration, sequential anti-PD-1 therapy further suppresses 4T1 tumor progression, prolonging survival rate. The in vivo construction of PAC-SABI-based nano-architectonics provides an efficient platform for bridging innate and adaptive immunity to maximize therapeutic potency. Blockade of CD47/SIRPα and CD24/Siglec-10 pathways can promote macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells. Here the authors report the design of a peptide-antibody combo-supramolecular in situ assembled CD47 and CD24 bi-target inhibitor that enhances the phagocytic ability of macrophages and improves response to anti-PD-1 in preclinical cancer models.

Despite both hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) and sorafenib being efficacious for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), choosing between them for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages B/C patients remains controversial. This meta-analysis aims to compare their therapeutic outcomes and prognoses in such patients. Pubmed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched. The primary outcome of this meta-analysis is Overall Survival (OS), while secondary outcomes include Progression-Free Survival (PFS), tumor response rate, and the incidence of adverse events. The analysis has included a total of 18 studies, comprising 3008 patients in aggregate. The analysis revealed a combined Hazard Ratio (HR) for OS of 0.57 (95% CI 0.38-0.86) and for PFS of 0.46 (95% CI 0.38-0.57). Subgroup analysis by different HAIC regimens: FOLFOX-based HAIC regimens 0.28 (95% CI: 0.16-0.50), FP regimen 0.68 (95% CI: 0.25-1.87), New-FP regimen 0.60 (95% CI: 0.47-0.77), cisplatin-based HAIC 0.63 (95% CI: 0.47-0.85). The pooled ORs were: Complete Response (CR) 3.88 (95% CI 1.56-9.65), Partial Response (PR)4.72(95% CI 2.44-9.13), Stable Disease (SD) 0.83 (95% CI 0.45-1.53), Progressive Disease (PD) 0.35 (95% CI0.25-0.48, Objective Response Rate (ORR) 5.32 (95% CI 2.54-11.13), Disease Control Rate (DCR) 2.03 (95% CI 1.05-3.92). For adverse events (AEs), the overall incidence Odds Ratios (OR) was 0.53 (95% CI 0.06-4.82) and for grade 3-4 events, 0.49 (95% CI 0.28-0.85). In Asian and African patients with BCLC stage B/C hepatocellular carcinoma, HAIC-particularly the FOLFOX regimen-confers superior overall survival and oncologic outcomes compared to sorafenib, with higher response and disease control rates and reduced disease progression.

This study evaluated the effects of four cooking methods (boiling, microwave heating, steam-assisted baking, and sous-vide) on the physicochemical quality and volatile profile of goose meat. Sous-vide (SV) cooking exhibited the lowest chewiness (19.12 mJ) and cooking loss (20.71%), along with a distinct color profile. Boiling resulted in the highest lipid oxidation (1.92 mg MDA/kg), but retained the highest level of essential amino acids (92.72 mg/g). GC-IMS analysis identified 56 volatile compounds, with aldehydes being predominant. 1-hexanal-D and ethyl heptanoate were identified as key discriminant markers for SV-cooked samples, whereas 4-methylthiazole were associated with the other cooking methods based on ROAV. Multivariate statistical analysis differentiated the flavor profiles among all treatments. These results indicate that sous-vide is a promising alternative to conventional cooking methods for producing goose meat with superior tenderness and a unique volatile profile. However, further sensory validation is recommended to confirm consumer acceptability before widespread industrial application.