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This perspective traces the emergence and evolution of early warning systems (EWS) and anticipatory action (AA). It revisits how major disasters, advances in science and forecasting, and global policy frameworks progressively expanded the ambition of EWS—from hazard-centered monitoring to more impact-based, people-centered approaches—while exposing persistent gaps in communication, local capacity, financing, and political will that prevented warnings from reliably triggering timely action. We examine how AA emerged in the humanitarian sector from these shortcomings as an operational bridge between long-term risk reduction and disaster response using risk information to enable pre-agreed, financed early actions, reviewing evidence that anticipatory interventions can improve food security, protect assets and livelihoods, enhance dignity and agency, and strengthen coordination in humanitarian contexts. Despite having the same goal of protecting the lives and livelihoods of at-risk populations, AA and EWS investments remain fragmented, and they struggle in fragile, data-poor, and conflict-affected settings. Drawing on this history and evidence, we argue that efforts to strengthen EWS and AA must be coherent and mutually reinforcing, building on the broader work on disaster risk reduction and climate-resilient development. The paper outlines concrete action points: align investments across EWS and AA; link government-led and humanitarian mechanisms wherever possible; strengthen inclusive, locally grounded partnerships; level up regional hydrometeorological and climate service capabilities; and institutionalize accountability and learning at scale. By acting on these priorities, practitioners and policymakers can move from pilots and parallel initiatives toward integrated systems that consistently enable people to act ahead of crises. The paper aims to address the following research question: From a humanitarian perspective, how have early warning systems and anticipatory action evolved in theory and praxis over the last three decades?

It is proven that nuts contain essential macro- and micronutrients, e.g. fatty acids, vitamins and dietary fibre (DF). Fermentation of DF by the gut microflora results in the formation of SCFA which are recognised for their chemopreventive potential, especially by influencing cell growth. However, little is known about cellular response to complex fermentation samples of nuts. Therefore, we prepared and analysed (pH, SCFA, bile acids, tocopherol, antioxidant capacity) fermentation supernatant (fs) fractions of nuts (almonds, macadamias, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts) after in vitro fermentation and determined their effects on growth of HT29 cells as well as their genotoxic/anti-genotoxic potential. The fermented nut samples contained 2- to 3-fold higher amounts of SCFA than the faeces control, but considerable reduced levels of bile acids. While most of the investigated native nuts comprised relatively high amounts of tocopherol (α-tocopherol in almonds and hazelnuts and γ- and δ-tocopherol in pistachios and walnuts), rather low concentrations were found in the fs. All nut extracts and nut fs showed a strong antioxidant potential. Furthermore, all fs, except the fs pistachio, reduced growth of HT29 cells significantly. DNA damage induced by H2O2 was significantly reduced by the fs of walnuts after 15 min co-incubation of HT29 cells. In conclusion, this is the first study which presents the chemopreventive effects (reduction of tumour-promoting desoxycholic acid, rise in chemopreventive SCFA, protection against oxidative stress) of different nuts after in vitro digestion and fermentation, and shows the potential importance of nuts in the prevention of colon cancer.

68th to 70th Session 2015. Somalia Ratifies Treaty. USA only State without Ratification. First Complaint examined.

This perspective traces the emergence and evolution of early warning systems (EWS) and anticipatory action (AA). It revisits how major disasters, advances in science and forecasting, and global policy frameworks progressively expanded the ambition of EWS—from hazard-centered monitoring to more impact-based, people-centered approaches—while exposing persistent gaps in communication, local capacity, financing, and political will that prevented warnings from reliably triggering timely action. We examine how AA emerged in the humanitarian sector from these shortcomings as an operational bridge between long-term risk reduction and disaster response using risk information to enable pre-agreed, financed early actions, reviewing evidence that anticipatory interventions can improve food security, protect assets and livelihoods, enhance dignity and agency, and strengthen coordination in humanitarian contexts. Despite having the same goal of protecting the lives and livelihoods of at-risk populations, AA and EWS investments remain fragmented, and they struggle in fragile, data-poor, and conflict-affected settings. Drawing on this history and evidence, we argue that efforts to strengthen EWS and AA must be coherent and mutually reinforcing, building on the broader work on disaster risk reduction and climate-resilient development. The paper outlines concrete action points: align investments across EWS and AA; link government-led and humanitarian mechanisms wherever possible; strengthen inclusive, locally grounded partnerships; level up regional hydrometeorological and climate service capabilities; and institutionalize accountability and learning at scale. By acting on these priorities, practitioners and policymakers can move from pilots and parallel initiatives toward integrated systems that consistently enable people to act ahead of crises. The paper aims to address the following research question: From a humanitarian perspective, how have early warning systems and anticipatory action evolved in theory and praxis over the last three decades?

Berücksichtigung der Kinderrechte in der Haushaltsplanung Unterstreichung des Potenzials der Jugend

The meetings of 2009 offered members of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) the opportunity for a proud pause. In 1979, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women was adopted by the UN General Assembly. 30 years later, the Convention is the most widely ratified human rights treaty of the United Nations. Adapted from the source document.

Als ein wichtiges Ergebnis des Reformprozesses erhalten die UN-Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane endlich die dringend benötigte zusätzliche Sitzungszeit. Für die weitere Stärkung ihres Systems sollten die Ausschüsse jedoch auch auf Kritik an ihrer inhaltlichen Arbeit reagieren. Ihre Empfehlungen sollten gut begründet, präzise formuliert und besser geprüft sein. Dann steigen die Chancen, dass sie von den Staaten umgesetzt werden. The UN human rights treaty body system has seen tremendous growth in recent years. Over the past decade, three new treaties have entered into force and six new individual complaints mechanisms have been established. However, the effectiveness of the system has been hampered by insufficient resources and meeting time. To further strengthen it, treaty bodies should take into account criticism regarding the coherence and argumentative quality of their findings. Since most states do not consider treaty body output, i.e. concluding observations, general comments and views, to be legally binding, their impact often depends on persuasiveness and sound reasoning. As the discussion of some recent findings in Germany shows, a lack of clarity and reasoning could risk undermining the authority and credibility of treaty bodies in the eyes of governments, the public and scholars.

Entscheidung zu komplexem Sorgerechtsfall Allgemeine Empfehlung zu Gewalt gegen Frauen Abschließende Bemerkungen zu Deutschland