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In this paper, experimental and numerical simulation studies on the forming limit diagram of single-point incremental forming (SPIF) were described. We proposed a novel method for evaluating the forming limit in incremental forming. The proposed method utilizes the forming limit angle and the maximum thinning rate. The effects of the forming and processing parameters on the forming limit of an aluminum sheet during incremental forming were investigated using a combination of simulation analysis and experimental verification. The obtained results show that the forming limit is large for 1060Al and 6061Al when the initial thickness is 1.5 mm for a single parameter change for SPIF. For 1060Al, the step size is in the range of 0.8–1.5 mm. When the step size is 0.8 mm, the incremental forming limit is large and the forming precision is high. For 1060Al and 6061Al, the incremental forming limit is at the maximum level when the tool radius is 6.0 mm, and when the tool radius is 5.0 mm, the best forming precision can be achieved. It is of great theoretical significance and practical engineering value to study the effects of various forming parameters on the forming limit of metal sheet SPIF.

Native goat breeds in China are highly valued for their distinctive flavor. This study integrated flavoromics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics to analyze the flavor compounds in the meat of Youzhou Dark (WY) and Local White (BY) goats. Ten 12-month-old castrated male WY and BY goats, five each, were selected for slaughter after undergoing the same feeding and management conditions. muscle were collected from each group and subjected to flavoromics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses. Flavoromics identified 228 volatile compounds, of which alcohols, ketones, and esters were the most prominent. Using multivariate statistical analysis and variable importance on projection (VIP) methods, 85 differential flavor compounds between WY and BY goats were identified. The key characteristic compounds, heptanal,1-octen-3-one,2,3-butanedione, 2-methyl-butanal, and 2-pentyl-furan, effectively distinguished between the volatile profiles of the two goat breeds. Untargeted metabolomics identified a total of 47 differential metabolites with significant differences between WY and BY goats. Differences in flavor compounds between the two goat breeds were linked to the expression of genes in metabolic pathways. The genes involved in tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism were different in the two groups of goat meat. This variation may contribute to the differences in the sensory flavor profiles of WY and BY goats. Overall, these findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of flavor formation in native Chinese goats and offer a foundation for improving meat quality.

In this paper, the subject of research is the AZ31B magnesium alloy. Aiming at the poor formability of magnesium alloys at room temperature, we have introduced isothermal local loading technology to improve the formability of magnesium alloys. We combined finite element simulations and experiments to study the effects of forming parameters on the forming limit angle and thinning rate of single-point incremental forming under isothermal local loading. The conclusions were further validated by changes in grain size in micrographs. The results showed that the forming limit angle of the AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet increased as the forming temperature increased. Maximum thinning first decreased and then increased, reaching the lowest point at 250 °C. At 250 °C, the grain size is large and evenly distributed, which is the best forming temperature. The radius of the tool head increases, the forming limit angle increases, the maximum thinning rate decreases, and the overall change of the average grain size is relatively small. However, the grain size is more uniform when the radius is 5 mm, and 5 mm is the best tool radius. The feed rate is inversely proportional to the forming limit angle and directly proportional to the maximum thinning rate. Different feed rates have different degrees of compression and elongation of the grains. The forming quality is better when the feed rate is 2 mm. The initial plate thickness is proportional to the limit angle, the maximum thinning rate, and grain size. And 1 mm is the best plate thickness to ensure the forming quality. This paper is important for developing the forming theory of isothermal local loading that can improve the high-performance forming of alloy parts in advanced manufacturing.

With their enormous muscle mass and athletic ability, horses are well-positioned as model organisms for understanding muscle metabolism. There are two different types of horse breeds—Guanzhong (GZ) horses, an athletic breed with a larger body height (~148.7 cm), and the Ningqiang pony (NQ) horses, a lower height breed generally used for ornamental purposes—both inhabited in the same region of China with obvious differences in muscle content. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the breed-specific mechanisms controlling muscle metabolism. In this study, we observed muscle glycogen, enzyme activities, and LC–MS/MS untargeted metabolomics in the gluteus medius muscle of six, each of GZ and NQ horses, to explore differentiated metabolites that are related to the development of two muscles. As expected, the glycogen content, citrate synthase, and hexokinase activity of muscle were significantly higher in GZ horses. To alleviate the false positive rate, we used both MS1 and MS2 ions for metabolite classification and differential analysis. As a result, a total of 51,535 MS1 and 541 MS2 metabolites were identified, and these metabolites can separate these two groups from each other. Notably, 40% of these metabolites were clustered into lipids and lipid-like molecules. Furthermore, 13 significant metabolites were differentially detected between GZ and NQ horses (fold change [FC] value ≥ 2, variable important in projection value ≥1, and Q value ≤ 0.05). They are primarily clustered into glutathione metabolism (GSH, p = 0.01), taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism ( p < 0.05) pathways. Seven of the 13 metabolites were also found in thoroughbred racing horses, suggesting that metabolites related to antioxidants, amino acids, and lipids played a key role in the development of skeleton muscle in horses. Those metabolites related to muscle development shed a light on racing horses' routine maintenance and improvement of athletic performance.

Objective: The study was conducted to identify the molecular mechanism of the phenotype formation of Youzhou black sheep by histological cytology and transcriptomics. Materials and Methods: In this study, HE and IHC staining were used to explore the patterns and cytological differences in skin pigment deposition between Youzhou Dark goats and Banjiao goats. In addition, the DEGs related to the black skin phenotype were identified via transcriptomic analyses. Finally, the expression pattern of the agouti signal protein (ASIP) gene in the skin from individuals with different skin color phenotypes was verified by FISH. Results: The results showed that compared with that on the skin surface of Banjiao goats, melanin deposition on the skin surface of Youzhou Dark goats was abnormally increased. The transcriptomic analyses showed that the expression of the ASIP genes decreased significantly in Youzhou Dark goats. FISH confirmed that the expression of the ASIP gene in Youzhou Dark goats was significantly lower than that in Banjiao goats. Conclusion: The present study showed that a decrease in ASIP gene expression and an increase in melanin production are important factors associated with skin pigmentation in Youzhou Dark goats.

Hu sheep is characterized by its excellent fecundity and high adaptability to various ecological environments. To reveal the molecular basis involved in Hu sheep, we first examined the 10 index of neuroendocrine and metabolism in blood in Hu sheep during non‐stress period (April–May) and stress period (July–August) using ELISA, including CRH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline, T3,T4, SOD, GSH‐PX, and T‐AOC. Then we conducted the Whole genome DNA methylation sequencing in blood and performed the comparative analysis of global DNA methylation between the non‐stress period and the stress period. Our results demonstrated that among the 10 index tested in blood, only ACTH, T3, and T‐AOC were significantly changed (p < 0.01) in Hu sheep between two periods. This indicates Hu sheep's special adaptability to the high hygrothermal environment takes the decrease of metabolic level and total antioxidant capacity as compensation, which differ obviously from other intolerant hygrothermal animals. At the epigenetic level, differential methylation of TPO, ADCY9, PRKACB, and CREB5 play important roles in excellent resistance to hygrothermel environment in Hu sheep by modulation of the secretion of in neuroendocrine hormones (T3, ACTH) and thermogenesis. These findings are valuable for breeding the novel animal breeds resistant to climate stress.

The gut microbiomes of equine are plentiful and intricate, which plays an important part in the growth. However, there is a relative lack of information on the microbial diversity in the pony's gut. In this article, 118 fecal samples from DeBa pony, NiQi pony and GuZh horse were studied by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Diversity analysis was used to determine the difference of gut microbiota composition among different breeds. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the gut microbiota of NiQi ponies were abundant and various. Beta diversity analysis showed that the microorganisms constitution of DeBa ponies was more similar to that of NiQi ponies. LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis result that the microorganism biomarkers for NiQi pony at the genus level were Phascolarctobacterium, Paludibacter, and Fibrobacter; the bacterial biomarker for DeBa pony was Streptococcus and Prevotella; and the bacterial biomarkers for GuZh horses was Treponema, Treponema Mogibacterium, Adlercreutzia, and Blautia. The correlation analysis between genera with >1% abundance and horse height found that Streptococcus ( < 0.01), Treponema ( < 0.01), Coprococcus ( < 0.01), Prevotella ( < 0.01), Phascolarctobacterium ( < 0.01), and Mogibacterium ( < 0.01) were significantly associated with horses' height. The functional prediction results indicated that DeBa pony have a microbiota functional more similar to NiQi pony. For the first time, our results announce the species composition and structure of the gut microbiota in Chinese ponies. At the same time, our results can provide theoretical reference for further understanding the healthy breeding, feeding management and disease prevention of horses.

Robot mobility is critical for mission success, especially in soft or deformable terrains, where the complex wheel-soil interaction mechanics often leads to excessive wheel slip and sinkage, causing the eventual mission failure. To improve the success rate, online mobility prediction using vision, infrared imaging, or model-based stochastic methods have been used in the literature. This paper proposes an on-board mobility prediction approach using an articulated wheeled bevameter that consists of a force-controlled arm and an instrumented bevameter (with force and vision sensors) as its end-effector. The proposed bevameter, which emulates the traditional terramechanics tests such as pressure-sinkage and shear experiments, can measure contact parameters ahead of the rover's body in real-time, and predict the slip and sinkage of supporting wheels over the probed region. Based on the predicted mobility, the rover can select a safer path in order to avoid dangerous regions such as those covered with quicksand. Compared to the literature, our proposed method can avoid the complicated terramechanics modeling and time-consuming stochastic prediction; it can also mitigate the inaccuracy issues arising in non-contact vision-based methods. We also conduct multiple experiments to validate the proposed approach.

Multimodal pedestrian detection has garnered significant attention due to its potential applications in complex scenarios. The complementarity characteristics between infrared and visible modalities can enhance detection performance. However, the design of cross-modal fusion mechanisms and the in-depth exploration of inter-modal complementarity still pose challenges. To address this, we propose TCCDNet, a novel network integrating cross-modal complementarity. Specifically, the efficient multi-scale attention C2f (EMAC) is designed for the backbone, which combines the C2f structure with an efficient multi-scale attention mechanism to achieve feature weighting and fusion, thereby enhancing the model’s feature extraction capacity. Subsequently, the cross-modal complementarity (CMC) module is proposed, which enhances feature discriminability and object localization accuracy through a synergistic mechanism combining channel attention and spatial attention. Additionally, a deep semantic fusion module (DSFM) based on a cross-attention mechanism is incorporated to achieve deep semantic feature fusion. The experimental results demonstrate that TCCDNet achieves a MR−2 of 7.87% on the KAIST dataset, representing a 3.83% reduction compared to YOLOv8. For the other two multimodal pedestrian detection datasets, TCCDNet attains mAP50 scores of 83.8% for FLIR ADAS and 97.3% for LLVIP, outperforming the baseline by 3.6% and 1.9% respectively. These results fully validate the effectiveness and advancement of the proposed method.

Small-scale pedestrian detection is one of the challenges in general object detection. Factors such as complex backgrounds, long distances, and low-light conditions make the image features of small-scale pedestrians less distinct, further increasing the difficulty of detection. To address these challenges, an Enhanced Feature-Fusion YOLO network (EFF-YOLO) for small-scale pedestrian detection is proposed. Specifically, this method employs a backbone based on the FasterNet block within YOLOv8n, which is designed to enhance the extraction of spatial features while reducing redundant operation. Furthermore, the gather-and-distribute (GD) mechanism is integrated into the neck of the network to realize the aggregation and distribution of global information and multi-level features. This not only strengthens the faint features of small-scale pedestrians but also effectively suppresses complex background information, thereby improving the accuracy of small-scale pedestrians. Experimental results indicate that EFF-YOLO achieves detection accuracies of 72.5%, 72.3%, and 91% on the three public datasets COCO-person, CityPersons, and LLVIP, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method reaches a detection speed of 50.7 fps for 1920 × 1080-pixel video streams on the edge device Jetson Orin NX, marking a 15.2% improvement over the baseline network. Thus, the proposed EFF-YOLO method not only boasts high detection accuracy but also demonstrates excellent real-time performance on edge devices.