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A survivor remembers America's most recent major \"witch hunt\"

The war, which inspired Pablo Picasso's mural ''Guernica'' and, it sometimes seems, more books than have been written about World War I - including Ernest Hemingway's ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' and Andre Malraux's ''Man's Hope'' - is the subject of these two brief histories for young adults. The role of the Depression, the Communist Party, American isolationism and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's refusal to aid Spain's legitimate Government get adequate treatment here. So does the fact that the American Government allowed the Texas Oil Company to supply [Francisco Franco] with oil - some 1.9 million tons of it - and the fact that most of Franco's rebel army's trucks were made by Ford, General Motors and Studebaker. There is colorful text about the ragtag, individualistic and argumentative young Yankees who managed to forge themselves into a unit of real soldiers, so good and valiant that they were often used as shock troops, no small factor in accounting for their staggering casualties. After the International Brigades were withdrawn from the war by the Spanish Government and returned home, the fascism feared by the Lincolns and their sympathizers at home almost immediately sent Europe into World War II. A number of Lincolns fought in that one, too, although the United States' military high command didn't trust them one bit because, in its off-the-wall characterization, they were ''PAF'' or ''Premature Anti-Fascists.''

Aside from lung cancer -- the leading smoker's disease -- the main disabilities that people with the tobacco habit experience are more frequent and longer bouts of viral infections, says Jan Healy, the advocacy program manager for the Alliance for Lung Cancer Advocacy Support and Education. Numerous other malignancies besides lung cancer also are associated with smoking, Healy says, citing head and neck cancers, esophageal cancer and cervical and bladder malignancies. While [Wilma Nusselder] says that her study put data on former smokers and people who never smoked into the nonsmokers' category, Healy says that ex-smokers always retain an elevated risk of getting lung cancer, compared with lifelong abstainers.

Women with the rare gene mutation known as Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) contradict a basic difference between men and women: That men have xy chromosomes and women have xx chromosomes. Women with CAIS, however, have xy chromosomes and started out as boys while still embryos, say medical scientists at Johns Hopkins Children's Centre in Baltimore, which pioneered research into the syndrome. But because of the gene mutation, their bodies don't recognize or use androgens, which are male hormones, like testosterone, that cause the development of male characteristics. Their testicles always are removed because they can become cancerous. Once the testes are removed, the estrogen flow is cut off and the girls must go on estrogen replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis, [Amy Wisniewski] said.

Scientists at Cornell University and the University of Maryland's medical school in College Park, report that 19 of 20 people became immune to the leading food-borne virus after eating potatoes genetically altered to contain a viral protein. Called the Norwalk virus, the disease causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. Although raw potatoes were used in the Norwalk virus test, study author Hugh S. Mason, associate research scientist at the Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell, says raw tubers don't taste good. On the other hand, he says, \"cooking is not a viable option because heat in general destroys these vaccines.\" Mason estimates that, when ready for the marketplace, the cost of a dose of hepatitis B vaccine or the Norwalk virus vaccine will be about 10 cents. A hepatitis B vaccine dose now costs $30 to $40 US.

If you love antiques, then Sam Pennington ought to be on your personal radar screen. He publishes the MAINE ANTIQUE DIGEST, the feisty and eccentric little trade paper that covers the Americana scene from Waldoboro, Maine (population 5,929). But M.A.D., as it's known, is read well beyond the trade.

Smart, devoted and increasingly accomplished, service animals are breaking new ground in their mission to help the disabled. In addition to seeing-eye dogs, hearing dogs and specially-trained animals that offer companionship to people in long-term care homes, entirely new types of service animals are coming to the fore; seizure- and heart attack-alert dogs, animals who help people with emotional or psychological disorders and capuchin monkeys who aid quadriplegics are bringing new help and hope to those with disabilities.

The latest and best ways to protect yourself

The prevention picture for seven cancers that have high mortality rates in women is presented. To prevent all types of cancer, the best course of action is to stop smoking, maintain a normal weight and have a balanced, healthy diet.