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It is long hypothesized that there is a reliable, specific mapping between certain emotional states and the facial movements that express those states. This hypothesis is often tested by asking untrained participants to pose the facial movements they believe they use to express emotions during generic scenarios. Here, we test this hypothesis using, as stimuli, photographs of facial configurations posed by professional actors in response to contextually-rich scenarios. The scenarios portrayed in the photographs were rated by a convenience sample of participants for the extent to which they evoked an instance of 13 emotion categories, and actors’ facial poses were coded for their specific movements. Both unsupervised and supervised machine learning find that in these photographs, the actors portrayed emotional states with variable facial configurations; instances of only three emotion categories (fear, happiness, and surprise) were portrayed with moderate reliability and specificity. The photographs were separately rated by another sample of participants for the extent to which they portrayed an instance of the 13 emotion categories; they were rated when presented alone and when presented with their associated scenarios, revealing that emotion inferences by participants also vary in a context-sensitive manner. Together, these findings suggest that facial movements and perceptions of emotion vary by situation and transcend stereotypes of emotional expressions. Future research may build on these findings by incorporating dynamic stimuli rather than photographs and studying a broader range of cultural contexts. It has long been hypothesized that certain emotional states are universally expressed with specific facial movements. Here the authors provide evidence that facial expressions of those emotional states are, in fact, varied among individuals rather than stereotyped.

The landscape of the investigation and management of giant cell arteritis (GCA) is advancing. In this review we will outline the recent advances by searching the current English literature for relevant articles using key words of giant cell arteritis, temporal arteritis, Horton’s disease, investigation, and treatment. Delay in diagnosis, diagnostic uncertainty and glucocorticoid (GC) morbidity are among the highest concerns of clinicians and patients in this disease area. The positive news is that fast track pathways, imaging techniques and new therapies are emerging for routine management of GCA. Future directions for intervention in the treatment paradigm will be discussed.

The separation of toxic effects of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) by the current methods of mixed salts and subsequent determination of their relevance to breeding has been problematic. We report a novel method (Na⁺ humate) to study the ionic effects of Na⁺ toxicity without interference from Cl⁻, and ionic and osmotic effects when combined with salinity (NaCl). Three cereal species (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum with and without the Na⁺ exclusion gene Nax2) differing in Na⁺ exclusion were grown in a potting mix under sodicity (Na⁺ humate) and salinity (NaCl), and water use, leaf nutrient profiles and yield were determined. Under sodicity, Na⁺‐excluding bread wheat and durum wheat with the Nax2 gene had higher yield than Na⁺‐accumulating barley and durum wheat without the Nax2 gene. However, under salinity, despite a 100‐fold difference in leaf Na⁺, all species yielded similarly, indicating that osmotic stress negated the benefits of Na⁺ exclusion. In conclusion, Na⁺ exclusion can be an effective mechanism for sodicity tolerance, while osmoregulation and tissue tolerance to Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ should be the main foci for further improvement of salinity tolerance in cereals. This represents a paradigm shift for breeding cereals with salinity tolerance.

Background In recent years, covalent modifications on RNA nucleotides have emerged as pivotal moieties influencing the structure, function, and regulatory processes of RNA Polymerase II transcripts such as mRNAs and lncRNAs. However, our understanding of their biological roles and whether these roles are conserved across eukaryotes remains limited. Results In this study, we leveraged standard polyadenylation-enriched RNA-sequencing data to identify and characterize RNA modifications that introduce base-pairing errors into cDNA reads. Our investigation incorporated data from three Poaceae ( Zea mays , Sorghum bicolor , and Setaria italica ), as well as publicly available data from a range of stress and genetic contexts in Sorghum and Arabidopsis thaliana . We uncovered a strong enrichment of RNA covalent modifications (RCMs) deposited on a conserved core set of nuclear mRNAs involved in photosynthesis and translation across these species. However, the cohort of modified transcripts changed based on environmental context and developmental program, a pattern that was also conserved across flowering plants. We determined that RCMs can partly explain accession-level differences in drought tolerance in Sorghum, with stress-associated genes receiving a higher level of RCMs in a drought tolerant accession. To address function, we determined that RCMs are significantly enriched near exon junctions within coding regions, suggesting an association with splicing. Intriguingly, we found that these base-pair disrupting RCMs are associated with stable mRNAs, are highly correlated with protein abundance, and thus likely associated with facilitating translation. Conclusions Our data point to a conserved role for RCMs in mRNA stability and translation across the flowering plant lineage.

The semidominant Danforth's short tail (Sd) mutation arose spontaneously in the 1920s. The homozygous Sd phenotype includes severe malformations of the axial skeleton with an absent tail, kidney agenesis, anal atresia, and persistent cloaca. The Sd mutant phenotype mirrors features seen in human caudal malformation syndromes including urorectal septum malformation, caudal regression, VACTERL association, and persistent cloaca. The Sd mutation was previously mapped to a 0.9 cM region on mouse chromosome 2qA3. We performed Sanger sequencing of exons and intron/exon boundaries mapping to the Sd critical region and did not identify any mutations. We then performed DNA enrichment/capture followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the critical genomic region. Standard bioinformatic analysis of paired-end sequence data did not reveal any causative mutations. Interrogation of reads that had been discarded because only a single end mapped correctly to the Sd locus identified an early transposon (ETn) retroviral insertion at the Sd locus, located 12.5 kb upstream of the Ptf1a gene. We show that Ptf1a expression is significantly upregulated in Sd mutant embryos at E9.5. The identification of the Sd mutation will lead to improved understanding of the developmental pathways that are misregulated in human caudal malformation syndromes.

Selenium (Se) is essential for humans and animals but is not considered to be essential for higher plants. Although researchers have found increases in vegetative growth due to fertiliser Se, there has been no definitive evidence to date of increased reproductive capacity, in terms of seed production and seed viability. The aim of this study was to evaluate seed production and growth responses to a low dose of Se (as sodium selenite, added to solution culture) compared to very low-Se controls in fast-cycling Brassica rapa L. Although there was no change in total biomass, Se treatment was associated with a 43% increase in seed production. The Se-treated Brassica plants had higher total respiratory activity in leaves and flowers, which may have contributed to higher seed production. This study provides additional evidence for a beneficial role for Se in higher plants.

Objectives. To evaluate the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) as a surveillance system for fatal shootings of civilians by law enforcement in the United States. Methods. We cross-linked individual-level mortality data from the 2015 NVDRS and 5 open-source data sets ( FatalEncounters.org , Mapping Police Violence, the Guardian’s “The Counted,” Gun Violence Archive, and The Washington Post’s “Fatal Force Database”). Using the comprehensive cross-linked data set, we assessed the proportion of study-identified fatal police shootings that were captured by NVDRS, overall and by state, and by each open-source data set. Results. There were 404 unique study-identified fatal shootings by law enforcement in the 27 states for which data were available from NVDRS, 393 (97%) of which were captured in NVDRS. The proportion of shootings captured by NVDRS varied only slightly by state. Conclusions. The NVDRS provides a comprehensive count of fatal police shootings. Public Health Implications. Expanding NVDRS to all 50 states would provide comprehensive counts of fatal police shootings and detailed circumstantial information about these deaths at the national level. Open-source data can continue to provide real-time data collection as well as more complete information about nonfirearm officer-involved deaths.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR-1) and CD95 (also called Fas or APO-1) are cytokine receptors that engage the apoptosis pathway through a region of intracellular homology, designated the \"death domain.\" Another death domain-containing member of the TNFR family, death receptor 3 (DR3), was identified and was shown to induce both apoptosis and activation of nuclear factor κB Expression of DR3 appears to be restricted to tissues enriched in lymphocytes. DR3 signal transduction is mediated by a complex of intracellular signaling molecules including TRADD, TRAF2, FADD, and FLICE Thus, DR3 likely plays a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis.

Social work has always been a contested activity and its status as an academic discipline remains uncertain. There is currently renewed interest in the theoretical and research dimensions of social work, at a time when significant changes in the broad social, political and economic context in which practice takes place require a re-evaluation of social work's role and a re-examination of its identity. This timely book brings together leading social work academics to examine the state of social work at the beginning of the 21st century. With their focus on the relationships between research, theory and practice, they reflect critically on the nature of social work as a discipline in higher education and the importance of this to the profession as a whole. The book represents an exploratory conversation among social work academics about the current state and future aspirations of the discipline and the profession. It aims to stimulate wider debate about the dominant constraints and opportunities for social work in the 21st century. Contents: Introduction, Jackie Powell, Robin Lovelock and Karen Lyons; Social work, the public sphere and civil society, Bill Jordan and Nigel Parton; The McDonaldization of social work - or 'Come back Florence Hollis, all is (or should be) forgiven', Adrian L. James; The politics of social work research, Ian Butler and Richard Pugh; Gender and knowledge in social work, Karen Lyons and Imogen Taylor; Social work research and the partnership agenda, Steve Trevillion; Taking sides: social work research as a moral and political activity, Beth Humphries; Qualitative research and social work: the methodological repertoire in a practice-oriented discipline, Nick Gould; Research as an element in social work's ongoing search for identity, Walter Lorenz; 'Knowing how to go on': towards situated practice and emergent theory in social work, Jeremy Kearney; Habermas/Foucault for social work: practices of critical reflection, Robin Lovelock and Jackie Powell; Index. Robin Lovelock is a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at the University of Southampton, UK, Karen Lyons at the London Metropolitan University, UK and Jackie Powell is a Reader in Social Work Studies at the University of Southampton, UK.

Many novel and important mutations arise in model organisms and human patients that can be difficult or impossible to identify using standard genetic approaches, especially for complex traits. Working with a previously uncharacterized dominant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant with impaired vacuole inheritance, we developed a pooled linkage strategy based on next-generation DNA sequencing to specifically identify functional mutations from among a large excess of polymorphisms, incidental mutations, and sequencing errors. The VAC6-1 mutation was verified to correspond to PHO81-R701S, the highest priority candidate reported by VAMP, the new software platform developed for these studies. Sequence data further revealed the large extent of strain background polymorphisms and structural alterations present in the host strain, which occurred by several mechanisms including a novel Ty insertion. The results provide a snapshot of the ongoing genomic changes that ultimately result in strain divergence and evolution, as well as a general model for the discovery of functional mutations in many organisms.