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A first regional assessment of the impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the Canadian Arctic and northern regions was conducted in this study. Model simulations were carried out on a limited-area domain (at 15 km horizontal resolution) centred over the Canadian Arctic, using the Environment and Climate Change Canada's on-line air quality forecast model, GEM-MACH (Global Environmental Multi-scale – Modelling Air quality and CHemistry), to investigate the contribution from the marine shipping emissions over the Canadian Arctic waters (at both present and projected future levels) to ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants (O3, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2), atmospheric deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N), and atmospheric loading and deposition of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic. Several model upgrades were introduced for this study, including the treatment of sea ice in the dry deposition parameterization, chemical lateral boundary conditions, and the inclusion of North American wildfire emissions. The model is shown to have similar skills in predicting ambient O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Canadian Arctic and northern regions, as the current operational air quality forecast models in North America and Europe. In particular, the model is able to simulate the observed O3 and PM components well at the Canadian high Arctic site, Alert. The model assessment shows that, at the current (2010) level, Arctic shipping emissions contribute to less than 1 % of ambient O3 concentration over the eastern Canadian Arctic and between 1 and 5 % of ambient PM2.5 concentration over the shipping channels. Arctic shipping emissions make a much greater contributions to the ambient NO2 and SO2 concentrations, at 10 %–50 % and 20 %–100 %, respectively. At the projected 2030 business-as-usual (BAU) level, the impact of Arctic shipping emissions is predicted to increase to up to 5 % in ambient O3 concentration over a broad region of the Canadian Arctic and to 5 %–20 % in ambient PM2.5 concentration over the shipping channels. In contrast, if emission controls such as the ones implemented in the current North American Emission Control Area (NA ECA) are to be put in place over the Canadian Arctic waters, the impact of shipping to ambient criteria pollutants would be significantly reduced. For example, with NA-ECA-like controls, the shipping contributions to the population-weighted concentrations of SO2 and PM2.5 would be brought down to below the current level. The contribution of Canadian Arctic shipping to the atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen is small at the current level, < 5 %, but is expected to increase to up to 20 % for sulfur and 50 % for nitrogen under the 2030 BAU scenario. At the current level, Canadian Arctic shipping also makes only small contributions to BC column loading and BC deposition, with < 0.1 % on average and up to 2 % locally over the eastern Canadian Arctic for the former, and between 0.1 % and 0.5 % over the shipping channels for the latter. The impacts are again predicted to increase at the projected 2030 BAU level, particularly over the Baffin Island and Baffin Bay area in response to the projected increase in ship traffic there, e.g., up to 15 % on BC column loading and locally exceeding 30 % on BC deposition. Overall, the study indicates that shipping-induced changes in atmospheric composition and deposition are at regional to local scales (particularly in the Arctic). Climate feedbacks are thus likely to act at these scales, so climate impact assessments will require modelling undertaken at much finer resolutions than those used in the existing radiative forcing and climate impact assessments.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a worldwide problem. Estimates indicate approximately 96% of persons with dementia (PWD) exhibit BPSD that are directly associated with long-term care (LTC) placement and approximately one half of these persons experience symptoms classified as severe. BPSD are associated with lost days of work, high turnover, and poor job satisfaction for direct caregivers. Nonpharmacological interventions (NPIs) are effective for management of BPSD when used properly. NPIs are more likely to be used by direct caregivers who are knowledgeable about and have confidence in BPSD effectiveness. Various training techniques promote development of this self-efficacy. The current systematic review synthesizes evidence concerning the use of NPIs for management of BPSD by direct caregivers in LTC settings. Gaps in the literature include evaluation of positive impact of NPIs on PWD and behavior precedent factors. This review emphasizes the need for development and provision of quality NPI education for direct caregivers in LTC settings. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(7), 18–23.]

Treating anxiety with hypnosis often focuses on relaxation and calmness; and while physiological regulation is an important anxiety-managing skill, hypnotic interventions with anxious clients offer rich opportunities to shift the relationship and responses people have to anxiety and worry. Hypnosis can introduce important cognitive skills that interrupt the process of worry and anxiety while creating an experience of malleability. Educational Objectives: Identify the cognitive patterns that can be interrupted hypnotically. Give an example of a post-hypnotic suggestion that supports a different response to anxiety symptoms.

Purpose. This study examined how sexual dominance is depicted in young adult literature and to look at ways to teach it critically.Theoretical Framework. The theoretical framework for this study used Social Cognitive Theory to consider how humans adapt and change. Feminist theory was incorporated in this study to offer a woman’s perspective and move away from the overt patriarchal viewpoint.Methodology. A textual analysis of the literature was selected to explore and understand how culture impacts literature and vice versa, emphasizing rape culture mentality. Five young adult novels were chosen for the study, and each book was examined and evaluated using a textual analysis approach.Findings and Conclusion. The study found five major themes of sexual dominance represented in the young adult novels. The five themes were: 1) how sexual dominance and rape culture are depicted in young adult literature, 2) how young adult literature exemplifies sexual assault, 3) rape myths represented in the novels, and 4) teaching through a critical lens.Recommendations. The study focused on five specific young adult novels, future studies can focus on more books containing more diverse characters, or a smaller sample could be used to provide a more in-depth analysis. Further research on this topic should focus on including more diverse characters and books. Other alternatives could include a qualitative study focusing on one class and their interactions with the chosen novel.

We created clonal cell lines that stably overexpress either CB1 (CB1XS) or CB2 receptor (CB2XS) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y as a model to investigate the role of cannabinoid signaling in neurite extension, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell viability. The mRNA of the enzymatic components of the endogenous cannabinoid system diacylglycerol lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase, alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing 6, alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing 12, N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, and fatty acid amide hydrolase are present in SH-SY5Y cells. Activity of these enzymes produced endocannabinoid ligands, resulting in a steady state concentration of 2-arachidonoylglycerol of 135 pmol per gram of protein and anandamide of 0.82 pmol per gram protein. Application of tetrahydrolipstatin, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase activity, decreased 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentration to 15 pmol per gram of protein while anandamide remained at 0.79 pmol per gram of protein. Oxotremorine M, an agonist of Gq coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, mobilized calcium from intracellular stores to stimulate diacylglycerol lipase, increasing 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentration to 564 pmol per gram of protein. A 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis enzyme inhibitor cocktail increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol to 2,140 pmol per gram protein. Transfection resulted in a stable increase of CB1 receptor mRNA by 11 fold increase in abundance in the CB1XS cell line and of CB2 receptor mRNA by 14 fold increase in abundance in the CB2XS cell line. Cannabinoid receptor overexpression did not alter the mRNA abundance of the enzyme components of the endogenous cannabinoid system in SH-SY5Y cells. Parental SH-SY5Y cells had an average neurite length per nuclei of 0.7 μm per nuclei. Stable increased expression of CB2 receptor in three clonal cell lines did not consistently change extension length, and resulted in a maximal neurite length per nuclei increase to 1.69 μm. Stable increased expression of CB1 receptor increased the abundance of one soma long neuritic extensions from 0.7 to 6.0 micrometers per nuclei per field. This CB1 stimulated increase in neurite length was not constitutive receptor activity as it was halved by tetrahydrolipstatin inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase enzymatic production of the endogenous cannabinoid ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Neurite extension length was halved with a p of 0.07 by gallein inhibition of G protein beta gamma dependent signaling. Stable increased expression of CB1 receptor increased the mRNA abundance of growth cone associated protein 43 and ST8 Alpha-N-Acetyl-Neuraminide Alpha-2,8-Sialyltransferase 2 mRNA and decreased integrin alpha 1 mRNA. Stable increased expression of CB2 receptor increased neural cell adhesion molecule and synaptotagmin 1 mRNA. We identified the endogenous cannabinoid enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase as a novel target of retinoic acid mRNA transcription in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma model of neuron differentiation and neurite extension. Overexpression of cannabinoid receptors did not alter the viability, apoptosis rate, or proliferation rate of cells relative to parental or empty vector SH-SY5Y. This research investigated the gaps in knowledge of cannabinoid signaling in neuronal functional development. There had never been a direct side by side comparison of the impact of CB1 versus CB2 cannabinoid receptors on extension length. We have addressed the role of ligand stimulated CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor signaling in human β-3-tubulin positive neuronal cells. We identified novel mRNA targets of cannabinoid receptor signaling and provided evidence that CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors play different roles in neurite extension during synapse development. We demonstrate cannabinoid system mediated changes to neuronal extensions independent of cell viability, apoptosis rate, or proliferation rate. We demonstrated that CB1 receptor, more than CB2 receptor, stimulates a 2-arachidonoylglycerol dependent increase in human neurite length without altering cell viability, apoptosis, or proliferation rate.

Benjamin Jonson’s Works (1616) and William Shakespeare’s Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies (1623) overwhelmingly dominate studies of the English drama collection. This critical focus has revealed much of what we know about the collection as a format for dramatic texts in early modern England, but it has also concealed aspects of the format’s history. Scholars regularly assume that the Jonson and Shakespeare Folios were the first in England to gather dramatic texts in collections; others often treat the volumes as paradigms for how drama collections looked, functioned, and signified. By examining collections printed or compiled from approximately 1512 to 1623, “English Printed Drama in Collection Before Jonson and Shakespeare” offers a new conceptualization of the collection. This dissertation discovers that drama appeared in multiple collected formats other than large folio volumes and was organized around a diversity of principles of collection other than (and in addition to) “the author.” For example, drama was presented in ten-play quarto editions supporting humanist pedagogical agendas, reader-compiled octavo miscellanies created for political persuasion, and serially published sets celebrating the English church and crown. This diversity of collected forms was constructed through different material processes to support the financial and/or ideological aims of various agents, including printers, publishers, booksellers, editors, and readers. Ultimately, I show that when viewed within these genealogies of the collection, the Jonson and Shakespeare Folios signal an incomplete break with earlier collections, and in fact, are constituted by these understudied forms from the past. Each chapter of this dissertation provides a genealogy of an early printed drama collection by charting the processes and agents who brought the volume into being as well as its political and cultural stakes. As Foucault suggests, to perform a genealogical analysis is not “to trace the gradual curve of [a concept’s] evolution, but to isolate the different scenes where [it] engaged in different roles.” By focusing on process, I highlight the different “scenes” of collection and closely attend to the agents who created various kinds of collected entities—not just “finished” printed books. My studies uncover dramatic texts that at one time were bound together or sold together, sets of drama marketed as multi-part sets, or collections that existed only in the mind’s eye. I argue that these material and immaterial manifestations underlie early modern approaches to the collection as both a product and a process—both a material object producing meaning through the physical arrangement of texts and a fluid form that was constantly reformulated to suit the needs of its creators. Chapter 1, “Genealogies of English Printed Drama in Collection, 1512 to 1623,” outlines my methodology while addressing some of the fifty collected editions containing vernacular drama published before 1623. In Chapter 2, “Archiving Processes and Agents in the Collected Edition: Humanist Pedagogy in Thomas Newton’s Seneca His Tenne Tragedies (1581),” I trace the gradual emergence of the first English vernacular collected edition of Seneca’s ten tragedies. Chapter 3,” Treating Divisions in the Nonce Collection: Political Persuasion in Thomas Norton’s All Such Treatises (1570),” addresses a small “nonce collection,” a common form of collection in which a publisher simply stitched together a newly printed title-page with a number of previously printed editions. The publisher John Day joined five of Norton’s previously printed political pamphlets with the first English five-act play, The Tragedy of Gorboduc, to persuade English readers to unite against their Catholic foes after the 1569 Northern Rebellion. In Chapter 4, “Marketing the Serial Collection: Remembered Performance in the Paul’s Boys’ Quartos (1591–1592),” I turn to another form of collection that has not been theorized as such: the serial collection. The female publisher Joan Broome brought out several editions of John Lyly’s comedies in 1591–92, marketing them as a unit and encouraging book-buyers to see them as a single textual entity. I argue that this unusual choice—in the early 1590s, little professional drama had been published at all—was triggered by the Martin Marprelate pamphlet war, in which Lyly’s theater troupe, the Children of Paul’s, was involved. In the final chapter, “Negotiating Alternative Principles of Authorial Collections: The “Whole” Monument in Parts in Jonson’s Works (1616) and Shakespeare’s Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies (1623),” I return to the Jonson and Shakespeare Folios that have been the focus of so much scholarly attention, but with the new context provided by my genealogy of the English dramatic collection. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

[...]caring adults-including parents, schools, doctors, and mental health professionals-end up colluding with the disorder itself, joining with anxiety's demand for comfort and certainty by letting kids hole up in their rooms, stay home from school, turn down playdates. At least they're going to school, even if for only one period, arriving late and leaving early to avoid people in the halls or noisy cafeterias. The very things we know actually help address social anxiety-practice, exposure, tools to dispute anxiety's catastrophic stories-are now too hard, too big to engage with. At best, social media serves as empty calories, staving off the immediate pangs of hunger but offering no sustaining nutritional value.

Social Media and the Lure of Self-Diagnosis Since I was first licensed to practice therapy over three decades ago, I've seen plenty of trends in mental health come and go. While celebrities, outspoken clinicians, and social media influencers have made great strides in destigmatizing mental health challenges-providing young people with clinical language and frameworks to help them make sense of their internal and external worlds-social media is also filled with diagnostic quizzes and graphics that promote psychiatric diagnoses, sometimes for advocacy and awareness, but often for profit and clicks. \"Sometimes I'm okay,\" she said, \"but then I feel panicky. Since I'd known Meg and her parents for years, this anxiety felt familiar to me, but she rebuffed my suggestions that some of what she was experiencing had to do with the increased pressure from her father, roommate conflicts, and the demands of law school. According to a 2021 Pew Research Study, 74 percent of mothers in opposite-sex relationships say they manage their children's schedules and activities, often on top of household duties and work outside the home.