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The characterization of livestock genetic diversity has experienced extensive changes with the availability of dense nucleotide markers. Among the various forms of markers, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have arguably the largest influence. A wide range of indicators for the assessment of genetic diversity was developed, or the existing methods were improved, enabling us to make informed decisions on the management of livestock populations. This review discusses the selected aspects of diversity assessment, with special attention to the SNP based methods.One of the core concepts in genomics of diversity is the linkage disequilibrium (LD), as it was shaped by demographic events during the development of breeds and species. These events, either natural or artificial, left detectable signals within the livestock genomes. Further changes were induced by human activity when mating related animals, leading to fixing or improving the desired traits in the breed, but reducing their genetic variability. The assessment of relatedness is also pivotal to construct meaningful mating plans and to avoid the negative consequences of inbreeding depression that might be detrimental especially in small, endangered populations. Both LD and relatedness are of interest on their own, as well as in their follow-up applications deriving overall measures of effective population size.

szolgáltatnia – nem tartalmazzák sem a vizsgálat során feltárt információkat, adatokat, sem az eljárás végén megállapított baleseti okokat, ezért szükséges a már befejezett vizsgálatok adatainak összegyűjtése, elemzése. A kutatás az összehasonlíthatóság érdekében teljes körű, minden Magyarországon történt halálos kerékpáros balesetre kiterjedt. Megállapítások: A tanulmány főbb megállapításai között szerepel, hogy milyen a balesetet szenvedett kerékpárosok nemi, életkori összetétele. A kutatás során feltárásra kerültek a hatóságok eljárás végén a balesetei okokra vonatkozó megállapításai, az ittas kerékpárosok életkori összetételére vonatkozó adatok, az évszakokra, napszakokra vonatkozó adatok, valamint a baleset helyére vonatkozó adatok. Érték: A kutatásban rejlő érték egyrészt a baleseti adatok pontosabb, az eljárás végén tett megállapításokkal kiegészített adatainak bemutatása, másrészt olyan komplex elemzés során kinyert információk bemutatása, melyeket más forrásból nem lehet kimutatni. Aim: The survey aims to introduce the data of fatal bicycle accidents. It also aims to analyse the data and to propose actions to improve traffic safety based on the conclusions of the analysis. Methodology: The research is based on the deep analysis of the examinations of the fatal bicycle accidents that happened between 2014 and 2017. The data provided for examination by the Central Statistics Office do not include either information revealed during police examination or the actual reason for the accident since they get data from the Police within 30 days from the accident. This lack of information makes the collection and analysis of the completed examinations’ data necessary. The research is comprehensive in order to be comparable. The research covers every fatal cyclist traffic accident in Hungary. Findings: One of the main establishments of the research is the generic and age specifications of those who suffered a bicycle accident.  The research revealed the following issues: the reasons for the fatal accidents according to the authorities’ examinations, data related to the given seasons and times of days of the accidents, data related to the location of the accident. Value: One of the main values of the research is that it demonstrates more precise accident data, that are completed with data revealed by police procedure. The research also shows data that are taken from complex analysis of sources that are not traceable from other sources.

The author provides a state of the art overview of arm signal controlled police traffic direction in Hungary. A szerző áttekintést ad a magyarországi karjelzéses rendőri forgalomirányítás jelenlegi állásáról.

The two determinants of transport are safety and speed. Both characteristics are essential for transport processes to be able to meet the demands of society. However, the two aspects have opposite effects, increasing speed could result decreasing road safety, while increasing safety would require speed reduction. Thus, for transport, especially for road transport it is an optimum search process. This process is influenced by many factors, from the average safety level of each vehicle to the state of the infrastructure. From the point of view of countries with a more developed transport culture, the number of road deaths per 1,000 people in Hungary is high. At the same time, there are societies from which Hungarian transport morale and road safety are high. As we can see the real safety of a transport system that is considered safe by the society also depends on the internal expectations of it. Increasing the road safety levels is a fundamental task, which requires the exploration of the actual problems. In this paper we examine the question of the role of the Hungarian high speed road infrastructure from the traffic safety’s point of view. A közlekedés két meghatározó tényezője a biztonság és a gyorsaság. Mindkét tulajdonság elengedhetetlen abból a szempontból, hogy a közlekedési folyamatok ki tudják elégíteni a társadalom működésének irányából támasztott igényeket. Azonban a két szempont egymással ellentétes irányú hatást fejt ki: a sebesség növekedése a biztonság rovására mehet, míg a biztonság növelése a sebesség csökkentését kívánná meg. Így a közlekedés, különösen a közúti közlekedés tekintetében ez egy optimumkeresési folyamat, amelyet sok tényező befolyásol az egyes járművek átlagos biztonsági színvonalától az infrastruktúra állapotáig. Nem kétséges, hogy nálunk fejlettebb közlekedési kultúrával rendelkező országok szemszögéből a hazánkban 1000 főre vetített közúti halálozások száma magas. Ugyanakkor olyan társadalmak is léteznek, ahonnan nézve a magyarországi közlekedési morál és a közúti biztonság magas szintű. Ebből láthatjuk, hogy egy társadalom által biztonságosnak ítélt közlekedési rendszer valós biztonsága nagy mértékben függ a társadalom belső elvárásaitól is. Ezzel együtt a biztonsági szintek folyamatos növelése alapvető feladat, aminek részét képezi a jelen problémáinak feltárása is. Jelen elemzésben megvizsgáljuk azt az kérdéskört, miszerint hazánk gyorsforgalmi közúthálózata a közúti infrastruktúra- típusokon belül milyen szerepet tölt be közlekedésbiztonsági szempontból.

In this study, single-SNP GWAS analyses were conducted to find regions affecting tolerance against trypanosomosis and morphometrics traits in purebred and crossbred Baoulé cattle of Burkina Faso. The trypanosomosis status (positive and negative) and a wide set of morphological traits were recorded for purebred Baoulé and crossbred Zebu x Baoulé cattle, and genotyped with the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip. After quality control, 36,203 SNPs and 619 animals including 343 purebred Baoulé and 279 crossbreds were used for the GWAS analyses. Several important genes were found that can influence morphological parameters. Although there were no genes identified with a reported strong connection to size traits, many of them were previously identified in various growth-related studies. A re-occurring theme for the genes residing in the regions identified by the most significant SNPs was pleiotropic effect on growth of the body and the cardiovascular system. Regarding trypanosomosis tolerance, two potentially important regions were identified in purebred Baoulé on chromosomes 16 and 24, containing the CFH, CRBN, TRNT1 and, IL5RA genes, and one additional genomic region in Baoulé, x Zebu crossbreds on chromosome 5, containing MGAT4C and NTS. Almost all of these regions and genes were previously related to the trait of interest, while the CRBN gene was to our knowledge presented in the context of trypanosomiasis tolerance for the first time.

ŸThe paper analyses a poem entitled the Tomb of Mihály Csokonai Vitéz. ThŸe work was published anonymously, but the poem was written by Ádám Pálóczi Horváth (1760–1820), a close friend of Mihály Csokonai Vitéz (1773–1805) and is an under-analyzed poeticcommentary on the early cult of Csokonai. ŸThe paper analyses an unknown text variant from Horváth Pálóczi’s collection of poems. ŸThe poem is linked to the 1806 Arcadia trial, surrounding Csokonai’s tomb in Debrecen. It is a commentary on the controversy fromthe point of view of a friend, and thus an important element of the cult of Csokonai from a Debrecen perspective. It designates a local memorial site and lists the places, the persons and the events that were significant for Csokonai during his stay in Somogy County. ŸThe paper analyses a poem entitled the Tomb of Mihály Csokonai Vitéz. ThŸe work was published anonymously, but the poem was written by Ádám Pálóczi Horváth (1760–1820), a close friend of Mihály Csokonai Vitéz (1773–1805) and is an under-analyzed poetic commentary on the early cult of Csokonai. ŸThe paper analyses an unknown text variant from Horváth Pálóczi’s collection of poems. ŸThe poem is linked to the 1806 Arcadia trial, surrounding Csokonai’s tomb in Debrecen. It is a commentary on the controversy from the point of view of a friend, and thus an important element of the cult of Csokonai from a Debrecen perspective. It designates a local memorial site and lists the places, the persons and the events that were significant for Csokonai during his stay in Somogy County.

The author provides an analysis of the correlation between speed limits and traffic safety in the EU. A szerző elemzi a sebességkorlátozás és a közlekedésbiztonság összefüggéseit az EU-ban.

The author provides an overview of the development of traffic policing in Hungary since the 19th century. A szerző áttekintést ad a közlekedésrendészet fejlődéséről a 19. század óta Magyarországon.

Background Using conventional measurements of lifetime, it is not possible to differentiate between productive and non-productive days during a sow's lifetime and this can lead to estimated breeding values favoring less productive animals. By rescaling the time axis from continuous to several discrete classes, grouped survival data (discrete survival time) models can be used instead. Methods The productive life length of 12319 Large White and 9833 Landrace sows was analyzed with continuous scale and grouped data models. Random effect of herd*year, fixed effects of interaction between parity and relative number of piglets, age at first farrowing and annual herd size change were included in the analysis. The genetic component was estimated from sire, sire-maternal grandsire, sire-dam, sire-maternal grandsire and animal models, and the heritabilities computed for each model type in both breeds. Results If age at first farrowing was under 43 weeks or above 60 weeks, the risk of culling sows increased. An interaction between parity and relative litter size was observed, expressed by limited culling during first parity and severe risk increase of culling sows having small litters later in life. In the Landrace breed, heritabilities ranged between 0.05 and 0.08 (s.e. 0.014-0.020) for the continuous and between 0.07 and 0.11 (s.e. 0.016-0.023) for the grouped data models, and in the Large White breed, they ranged between 0.08 and 0.14 (s.e. 0.012-0.026) for the continuous and between 0.08 and 0.13 (s.e. 0.012-0.025) for the grouped data models. Conclusions Heritabilities for length of productive life were similar with continuous time and grouped data models in both breeds. Based on these results and because grouped data models better reflect the economical needs in meat animals, we conclude that grouped data models are more appropriate in pig.

Controlling the electrical conductance and in particular the occurrence of quantum interference in single-molecule junctions through gating effects has potential for the realization of high-performance functional molecular devices. In this work we used an electrochemically gated, mechanically controllable break junction technique to tune the electronic behaviour of thiophene-based molecular junctions that show destructive quantum interference features. By varying the voltage applied to the electrochemical gate at room temperature, we reached a conductance minimum that provides direct evidence of charge transport controlled by an anti-resonance arising from destructive quantum interference. Our molecular system enables conductance tuning close to two orders of magnitude within the non-faradaic potential region, which is significantly higher than that achieved with molecules not showing destructive quantum interference. Our experimental results, interpreted using quantum transport theory, demonstrate that electrochemical gating is a promising strategy for obtaining improved in situ control over the electrical performance of interference-based molecular devices.Electrochemical gating of single-molecule junctions shows signatures of anti-resonance typical of destructive quantum interference effects and conductance tuning by two orders of magnitude in thiophene molecules.