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"Müller, F."
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Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years
The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1) together with the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields were used to create a global emission data set of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) available on a monthly basis for the time period of 1980–2010. This data set, developed under the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate project (MACC), is called MEGAN–MACC. The model estimated mean annual total BVOC emission of 760 Tg (C) yr−1 consisting of isoprene (70%), monoterpenes (11%), methanol (6%), acetone (3%), sesquiterpenes (2.5%) and other BVOC species each contributing less than 2%. Several sensitivity model runs were performed to study the impact of different model input and model settings on isoprene estimates and resulted in differences of up to ±17% of the reference isoprene total. A greater impact was observed for a sensitivity run applying parameterization of soil moisture deficit that led to a 50% reduction of isoprene emissions on a global scale, most significantly in specific regions of Africa, South America and Australia. MEGAN–MACC estimates are comparable to results of previous studies. More detailed comparison with other isoprene inventories indicated significant spatial and temporal differences between the data sets especially for Australia, Southeast Asia and South America. MEGAN–MACC estimates of isoprene, α-pinene and group of monoterpenes showed a reasonable agreement with surface flux measurements at sites located in tropical forests in the Amazon and Malaysia. The model was able to capture the seasonal variation of isoprene emissions in the Amazon forest.
Journal Article
Abnormal neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial dysfunction in hair follicle-derived induced pluripotent stem cells of schizophrenia patients
One of the prevailing hypotheses suggests schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder, involving dysfunction of dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. Accumulating evidence suggests mitochondria as an additional pathological factor in schizophrenia. An attractive model to study processes related to neurodevelopment in schizophrenia is reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiating them into different neuronal lineages. iPSCs from three schizophrenia patients and from two controls were reprogrammed from hair follicle keratinocytes, because of their accessibility and common ectodermal origin with neurons. iPSCs were differentiated into Pax6
+
/Nestin
+
neural precursors and then further differentiated into β3-Tubulin
+
/tyrosine hydroxylase
+
/DAT
+
dopaminergic neurons. In addition, iPSCs were differentiated through embryonic bodies into β3-Tubulin
+
/Tbox brain1
+
glutamatergic neurons. Schizophrenia-derived dopaminergic cells showed severely impaired ability to differentiate, whereas glutamatergic cells were unable to maturate. Mitochondrial respiration and its sensitivity to dopamine-induced inhibition were impaired in schizophrenia-derived keratinocytes and iPSCs. Moreover, we observed dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ
m
) and perturbations in mitochondrial network structure and connectivity in dopaminergic along the differentiation process and in glutamatergic cells. Our data unravel perturbations in neural differentiation and mitochondrial function, which may be interconnected, and of relevance to dysfunctional neurodevelopmental processes in schizophrenia.
Journal Article
ابتسامات ودموع
\"ابتسامات ودموع\" مذكرات الأديب الأماني ماكس مولر يكتب مولر عن فتى فقير يعيش في قرية صغيرة، يتعرف في صغره على حياة الأمراء ويلعب مع صغارهم ويقع في حب أميرة صغيرة تماثله في السن، نحيلة ومريضة، تتوقع أن ترحل إلى حتفها في أي لحظة. يسافر الفتى ليكمل دراسته وعندما يعود إلى القرية وقد نبذ فكرة الإقطاعية والرأسمالية وتوحد مع المطالب الشعبية، تستدعيه الأميرة التي عشقها صغيرا، ليكملا قصة حبهما المستحيل الذي ينتهي بموتها. ستحب هذا الكتاب سواء أكنت معلما أو متعلما، فيلسوفا أو شاعرا، سياسيا أو تاجرا، سعيدا أو شقيا، كبيرا أو صغيرا. ستحيا به كما حييت، وستنمو به وتتوحد وإياه حينا فينتزعك من ميدان المزاحمة والمنافسة والحقد والتهكم والحسد والإجهاد. ستتوحد وإياه مستدعيا ماضيك، أو مفكرا في حاضرك، أو مترقبا في مستقبلك. أو يمثل لك فصولا من ماضيك وحاضرك ومستقبلك جميعا في آن واحد، كائنا ما كان عمرك، لأن العواطف لا تفنى والقلب لا تدركه الشيخوخة. بل يسير جامعا من يأسه وآلامه وانتصاره واندحاره خبرة وقوة توصلانه إلى سبل جديدة ومعارف مطلوبة. وحسبه أنه ينبه فيك الذكريات الحلوة والمرة من مباغتات الحب والحياة والموت والابتسامات والدموع، وهي إرث بني الإنسان أجمعين.
Book
Satellite evidence for changes in the NO2 weekly cycle over large cities
Anthropogenic activities, by far the largest source of NOx into the atmosphere, induce a weekly cycle of NO
2
abundances in cities. Comprehensive analysis of the 2005–2017 OMI NO
2
dataset reveals significant weekly cycles in 115 of the 274 cities considered. These results are corroborated by a full year of high-resolution TROPOMI NO
2
observations. The OMI dataset permits us to identify trends in the weekly cycle resulting from NOx emissions changes. The data show a clear weakening of the weekly cycle over European and U.S. cities, an evolution attributed to the decline in anthropogenic emissions and the resulting growing importance of background NO
2
, whereas NO
2
lifetime changes also play a minor role. In particular, the Sunday NO
2
columns averaged over all U.S. cities are found to increase, relative to the weekly average, from 0.72 during 2005–2007 to 0.88 in 2015–2017. The opposite tendency is recorded in regions undergoing rapid emission growth. Multiyear simulations over the U.S. and the Middle East using the chemistry-transport model MAGRITTEv1.1 succeed in capturing the observed weekly cycles over the largest cities, as well as the observed long-term trends in the weekly cycle.
Journal Article
ابتسامات ودموع، أو، الحب الألماني
\"ابتسامات ودموع\" مذكرات الأديب الأماني ماكس مولر يكتب مولر عن فتى فقير يعيش في قرية صغيرة، يتعرف في صغره على حياة الأمراء ويلعب مع صغارهم ويقع في حب أميرة صغيرة تماثله في السن، نحيلة ومريضة، تتوقع أن ترحل إلى حتفها في أي لحظة. يسافر الفتى ليكمل دراسته وعندما يعود إلى القرية وقد نبذ فكرة الإقطاعية والرأسمالية وتوحد مع المطالب الشعبية، تستدعيه الأميرة التي عشقها صغيرا، ليكملا قصة حبهما المستحيل الذي ينتهي بموتها. ستحب هذا الكتاب سواء أكنت معلما أو متعلما، فيلسوفا أو شاعرا، سياسيا أو تاجرا، سعيدا أو شقيا، كبيرا أو صغيرا. ستحيا به كما حييت، وستنمو به وتتوحد وإياه حينا فينتزعك من ميدان المزاحمة والمنافسة والحقد والتهكم والحسد والإجهاد. ستتوحد وإياه مستدعيا ماضيك، أو مفكرا في حاضرك، أو مترقبا في مستقبلك. أو يمثل لك فصولا من ماضيك وحاضرك ومستقبلك جميعا في آن واحد، كائنا ما كان عمرك، لأن العواطف لا تفنى والقلب لا تدركه الشيخوخة. بل يسير جامعا من يأسه وآلامه وانتصاره واندحاره خبرة وقوة توصلانه إلى سبل جديدة ومعارف مطلوبة. وحسبه أنه ينبه فيك الذكريات الحلوة والمرة من مباغتات الحب والحياة والموت والابتسامات والدموع، وهي إرث بني الإنسان أجمعين.
Book
Quantitative Genetics and Genomics Converge to Accelerate Forest Tree Breeding
Forest tree breeding has been successful at delivering genetically improved material for multiple traits based on recurrent cycles of selection, mating, and testing. However, long breeding cycles, late flowering, variable juvenile-mature correlations, emerging pests and diseases, climate, and market changes, all pose formidable challenges. Genetic dissection approaches such as quantitative trait mapping and association genetics have been fruitless to effectively drive operational marker-assisted selection (MAS) in forest trees, largely because of the complex multifactorial inheritance of most, if not all traits of interest. The convergence of high-throughput genomics and quantitative genetics has established two new paradigms that are changing contemporary tree breeding dogmas. Genomic selection (GS) uses large number of genome-wide markers to predict complex phenotypes. It has the potential to accelerate breeding cycles, increase selection intensity and improve the accuracy of breeding values. Realized genomic relationships matrices, on the other hand, provide innovations in genetic parameters' estimation and breeding approaches by tracking the variation arising from random Mendelian segregation in pedigrees. In light of a recent flow of promising experimental results, here we briefly review the main concepts, analytical tools and remaining challenges that currently underlie the application of genomics data to tree breeding. With easy and cost-effective genotyping, we are now at the brink of extensive adoption of GS in tree breeding. Areas for future GS research include optimizing strategies for updating prediction models, adding validated functional genomics data to improve prediction accuracy, and integrating genomic and multi-environment data for forecasting the performance of genetic material in untested sites or under changing climate scenarios. The buildup of phenotypic and genome-wide data across large-scale breeding populations and advances in computational prediction of discrete genomic features should also provide opportunities to enhance the application of genomics to tree breeding.
Journal Article
Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin
There is growing interest in the therapeutic utility of psychedelic substances, like psilocybin, for disorders characterized by distortions of the self-experience, like depression. Accumulating preclinical evidence emphasizes the role of the glutamate system in the acute action of the drug on brain and behavior; however this has never been tested in humans. Following a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, we utilized an ultra-high field multimodal brain imaging approach and demonstrated that psilocybin (0.17 mg/kg) induced region-dependent alterations in glutamate, which predicted distortions in the subjective experience of one’s self (ego dissolution). Whereas higher levels of medial prefrontal cortical glutamate were associated with negatively experienced ego dissolution, lower levels in hippocampal glutamate were associated with positively experienced ego dissolution. Such findings provide further insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the psychedelic, as well as the baseline, state. Importantly, they may also provide a neurochemical basis for therapeutic effects as witnessed in ongoing clinical trials.
Journal Article