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إسرائيل من الإرهاب إلى مجزرة الدولة
بعد صبرا وشاتيلا تعجب الغرب واعتقد للحظة بأنه حصل انقلاب في الأدوار. لقد ترك تقرير كاهان عددا من الأسئلة بدون إجابة حول طبيعة التورط المباشر للإسرائيليين في المجزرة ووجود إرادة واضحة في تنفيذ هذه المجزرة بواسطة من أسماهم التقرير، «وحدة من القوات اللبنانية». لم تكن الأحداث سوى سلسلة فظيعة من المجازر المرتكبة ضد المدنيين والنساء والأطفال الفلسطينيين : «مرتكزا على وثائق إسرائيلية غير قابلة للدحض، يقوم الكاتب برسم تسلسل الأعمال الإجرامية الممتدة على مدى نصف قرن ويذكر بتقاليد «مجازر الدولة» التي استخدمت الاعتداء والانتقام والإرهاب وسيلة مميزة بيد السياسة الاسرائيلية الرسمية. يستعرض الكاتب المجازر الشهيرة من دير ياسين-1948 إلى مجازر لبنان 1978، من العمليات «الانتقامية» في الخمسينات إلى مجزرة كفر قاسم مرورا بالاغتيالات ضد اليهود في بغداد وضد الأوروبيين في الاسكندرية والقاهرة.
BOOK
Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies
An update of the chapter on Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is of great interest around the world. The recent approval of the 11th Revision of the ICD (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO) raises broad questions about the status of nosology of mental disorders as a whole as well as more focused questions regarding changes to the diagnostic guidelines for specific conditions and the implications of these changes for practice and research. This Forum brings together a broad range of experts to reflect on key changes and controversies in the ICD-11 classification of mental disorders. Taken together, there is consensus that the WHO’s focus on global applicability and clinical utility in developing the diagnostic guidelines for this chapter will maximize the likelihood that it will be adopted by mental health professionals and administrators. This focus is also expected to enhance the application of the guidelines in non-specialist settings and their usefulness for scaling up evidence-based interventions. The new mental disorders classification in ICD-11 and its accompanying diagnostic guidelines therefore represent an important, albeit iterative, advance for the field.
Journal Article
أعمال فرانسوا رابليه والثقافة الشعبية في العصر الوسيط وإبان عصر النهضة
في هذا الكتاب يقوم المؤلف بدراسة الثقافة الهزلية الشعبية التي لم تنصهر أبدا في ثقافة الطبعات السائدة الرسمية، باعتماده على ممثلها المرموق فرانسوا رابليه الذي يستمد أسلوبه من الثقافة الهزلية الشعبية، وثانيا عبر التتبع الدقيق لمظاهرها المتعددة: الضحك الشعبي، اللغة المألوفة، الاحتفال الشعبي والكرنفال بالأساس، أدب النجاسة، الأسفل المادي والجسدي، المأدبة وغيرها. إنها المرة الأولى التي يتشكل فيها موضوع الدراسة من الشعب الذي يضحك في الساحة العامة وما تعج به من حركات وإيماءات، وصيحات، مصدرها مغفلون أو مهرجون، عمالقة أو أقزام ومخلوقات ممسوخة، مضحكة، وأشكال الشعائر والطقوس والاستعراضات والعروض الفرجوية الهزلية في العصر الوسيط وإبان عصر النهضة، وذلك من خلال وضع مشكل الغروتيسك وماهيته الجمالية على نحو سليم بدراسة مصادره وتجلياته المتنوعة.
Book
Collaborative meta-analysis finds no evidence of a strong interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype contributing to the development of depression
The hypothesis that the S allele of the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter promoter region is associated with increased risk of depression, but only in individuals exposed to stressful situations, has generated much interest, research and controversy since first proposed in 2003. Multiple meta-analyses combining results from heterogeneous analyses have not settled the issue. To determine the magnitude of the interaction and the conditions under which it might be observed, we performed new analyses on 31 data sets containing 38 802 European ancestry subjects genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and assessed for depression and childhood maltreatment or other stressful life events, and meta-analysed the results. Analyses targeted two stressors (narrow, broad) and two depression outcomes (current, lifetime). All groups that published on this topic prior to the initiation of our study and met the assessment and sample size criteria were invited to participate. Additional groups, identified by consortium members or self-identified in response to our protocol (published prior to the start of analysis) with qualifying unpublished data, were also invited to participate. A uniform data analysis script implementing the protocol was executed by each of the consortium members. Our findings do not support the interaction hypothesis. We found no subgroups or variable definitions for which an interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR genotype was statistically significant. In contrast, our findings for the main effects of life stressors (strong risk factor) and 5-HTTLPR genotype (no impact on risk) are strikingly consistent across our contributing studies, the original study reporting the interaction and subsequent meta-analyses. Our conclusion is that if an interaction exists in which the S allele of 5-HTTLPR increases risk of depression only in stressed individuals, then it is not broadly generalisable, but must be of modest effect size and only observable in limited situations.
Journal Article
Long-term effectiveness of Self-Help Plus in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in Western Europe: 12-month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial
As refugees and asylum seekers are at high risk of developing mental disorders, we assessed the effectiveness of Self-Help Plus (SH + ), a psychological intervention developed by the World Health Organization, in reducing the risk of developing any mental disorders at 12-month follow-up in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in Western Europe.
Refugees and asylum seekers with psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-12 ⩾ 3) but without a mental disorder according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) were randomised to either SH + or enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU). The frequency of mental disorders at 12 months was measured with the M.I.N.I., while secondary outcomes included self-identified problems, psychological symptoms and other outcomes.
Of 459 participants randomly assigned to SH + or ETAU, 246 accepted to be interviewed at 12 months. No difference in the frequency of any mental disorders was found (relative risk [RR] = 0.841; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.389-1.819;
-value = 0.659). In the per protocol (PP) population, that is in participants attending at least three group-based sessions, SH + almost halved the frequency of mental disorders at 12 months compared to ETAU, however so few participants and events contributed to this analysis that it yielded a non-significant result (RR = 0.528; 95% CI 0.180-1.544;
-value = 0.230). SH + was associated with improvements at 12 months in psychological distress (
-value = 0.004), depressive symptoms (
-value = 0.011) and wellbeing (
-value = 0.001).
The present study failed to show any long-term preventative effect of SH + in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in Western European countries. Analysis of the PP population and of secondary outcomes provided signals of a potential effect of SH + in the long-term, which would suggest the value of exploring the effects of booster sessions and strategies to increase SH + adherence.
Journal Article
Running in the FAMILY: understanding and predicting the intergenerational transmission of mental illness
Over 50% of children with a parent with severe mental illness will develop mental illness by early adulthood. However, intergenerational transmission of risk for mental illness in one’s children is insufficiently considered in clinical practice, nor is it sufficiently utilised into diagnostics and care for children of ill parents. This leads to delays in diagnosing young offspring and missed opportunities for protective actions and resilience strengthening. Prior twin, family, and adoption studies suggest that the aetiology of mental illness is governed by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, potentially mediated by changes in epigenetic programming and brain development. However, how these factors ultimately materialise into mental disorders remains unclear. Here, we present the FAMILY consortium, an interdisciplinary, multimodal (e.g., (epi)genetics, neuroimaging, environment, behaviour), multilevel (e.g., individual-level, family-level), and multisite study funded by a European Union Horizon-Staying-Healthy-2021 grant. FAMILY focuses on understanding and prediction of intergenerational transmission of mental illness, using genetically informed causal inference, multimodal normative prediction, and animal modelling. Moreover, FAMILY applies methods from social sciences to map social and ethical consequences of risk prediction to prepare clinical practice for future implementation. FAMILY aims to deliver: (i) new discoveries clarifying the aetiology of mental illness and the process of resilience, thereby providing new targets for prevention and intervention studies; (ii) a risk prediction model within a normative modelling framework to predict who is at risk for developing mental illness; and (iii) insight into social and ethical issues related to risk prediction to inform clinical guidelines.
Journal Article
Ghrelin modulates encoding-related brain function without enhancing memory formation in humans
Ghrelin regulates energy homeostasis in various species and enhances memory in rodent models. In humans, the role of ghrelin in cognitive processes has yet to be characterized. Here we show in a double-blind randomized crossover design that acute administration of ghrelin alters encoding-related brain activity, however does not enhance memory formation in humans. Twenty-one healthy young male participants had to memorize food- and non-food-related words presented on a background of a virtual navigational route while undergoing fMRI recordings. After acute ghrelin administration, we observed decreased post-encoding resting state fMRI connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the insula, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, brain activity related to subsequent memory performance was modulated by ghrelin. On the next day, however, no differences were found in free word recall or cued location-word association recall between conditions; and ghrelin's effects on brain activity or functional connectivity were unrelated to memory performance. Further, ghrelin had no effect on a cognitive test battery comprising tests for working memory, fluid reasoning, creativity, mental speed, and attention. In conclusion, in contrast to studies with animal models, we did not find any evidence for the potential of ghrelin acting as a short-term cognitive enhancer in humans.
•Effects of ghrelin on memory for food-related words-location associations were tested.•Functional connectivity during post-encoding rest was altered after ghrelin injection.•Acute ghrelin administration had no behavioral effects on long-term memory retention.•Acute ghrelin administration had no behavioral effects on several other cognitive tasks.•Ghrelin's effects on memory markedly differ between animal models and human subjects.
Journal Article
Assessing physical activity in people with mental illness: 23-country reliability and validity of the simple physical activity questionnaire (SIMPAQ)
Background
Physical inactivity is a key contributor to the global burden of disease and disproportionately impacts the wellbeing of people experiencing mental illness. Increases in physical activity are associated with improvements in symptoms of mental illness and reduction in cardiometabolic risk. Reliable and valid clinical tools that assess physical activity would improve evaluation of intervention studies that aim to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in people living with mental illness.
Methods
The five-item Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ) was developed by a multidisciplinary, international working group as a clinical tool to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour in people living with mental illness. Patients with a DSM or ICD mental illness diagnoses were recruited and completed the SIMPAQ on two occasions, one week apart. Participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer and completed brief cognitive and clinical assessments.
Results
Evidence of SIMPAQ validity was assessed against accelerometer-derived measures of physical activity. Data were obtained from 1010 participants. The SIMPAQ had good test-retest reliability. Correlations for moderate-vigorous physical activity was comparable to studies conducted in general population samples. Evidence of validity for the sedentary behaviour item was poor. An alternative method to calculate sedentary behaviour had stronger evidence of validity. This alternative method is recommended for use in future studies employing the SIMPAQ.
Conclusions
The SIMPAQ is a brief measure of physical activity and sedentary behaviour that can be reliably and validly administered by health professionals.
Journal Article
Single nucleotide polymorphism in the neuroplastin locus associates with cortical thickness and intellectual ability in adolescents
Despite the recognition that cortical thickness is heritable and correlates with intellectual ability in children and adolescents, the genes contributing to individual differences in these traits remain unknown. We conducted a large-scale association study in 1583 adolescents to identify genes affecting cortical thickness. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs;
n
=54 837) within genes whose expression changed between stages of growth and differentiation of a human neural stem cell line were selected for association analyses with average cortical thickness. We identified a variant, rs7171755, associating with thinner cortex in the left hemisphere (
P
=1.12 × 10
−
7
), particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Localized effects of this SNP on cortical thickness differently affected verbal and nonverbal intellectual abilities. The rs7171755 polymorphism acted in
cis
to affect expression in the human brain of the synaptic cell adhesion glycoprotein-encoding gene
NPTN
. We also found that cortical thickness and
NPTN
expression were on average higher in the right hemisphere, suggesting that asymmetric
NPTN
expression may render the left hemisphere more sensitive to the effects of
NPTN
mutations, accounting for the lateralized effect of rs7171755 found in our study. Altogether, our findings support a potential role for regional synaptic dysfunctions in forms of intellectual deficits.
Journal Article
Boys do it the right way: Sex-dependent amygdala lateralization during face processing in adolescents
Previous studies have observed a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation related to emotional memory. Specifically, it was shown that the activity of the right amygdala correlates significantly stronger with memory for images judged as arousing in men than in women, and that there is a significantly stronger relationship in women than in men between activity of the left amygdala and memory for arousing images. Using a large sample of 235 male adolescents and 235 females matched for age and handedness, we investigated the sex-specific lateralization of amygdala activation during an emotional face perception fMRI task. Performing a formal sex by hemisphere analysis, we observed in males a significantly stronger right amygdala activation as compared to females. Our results indicate that adolescents display a sex-dependent lateralization of amygdala activation that is also present in basic processes of emotional perception. This finding suggests a sex-dependent development of human emotion processing and may further implicate possible etiological pathways for mental disorders most frequent in adolescent males (i.e., conduct disorder).
►Sex by hemisphere interaction in basic face processing in a large adolescent sample. ►Significantly stronger right amygdala activation in males as compared to females. ►Difference in activation is enhanced when emotional content (anger) is involved. ►Implications for sex-dependent development of emotion processing and mental disorders.
Journal Article