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"M. A. Lisa"
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Mechanics of biomaterials : fundamental principles for implant design
\"Teaching mechanical and structural biomaterials concepts for successful medical implant design, this self-contained text provides a complete grounding for students and newcomers to the field. Split into three sections: Materials, Mechanics and Case Studies, it begins with a review of sterilization, biocompatibility and foreign body response before presenting the fundamental structures of synthetic biomaterials and natural tissues. Mechanical behavior of materials is then discussed in depth, covering elastic deformation, viscoelasticity and time-dependent behavior, multiaxial loading and complex stress states, yielding and failure theories, and fracture mechanics. The final section on clinical aspects of medical devices provides crucial information on FDA regulatory issues and presents case studies in four key clinical areas: orthopedics, cardiovascular devices, dentistry and soft tissue implants. Each chapter ends with a list of topical questions, making this an ideal course textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students, and also a self-study tool for engineers, scientists and clinicians\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Supporting successful interventions in schools : tools to plan, evaluate, and sustain effective implementation
\"Evidence-based interventions only benefit learners when they are implemented fully. Yet many educators struggle with successful implementation. This unique book gives practitioners a research-based framework for working with PreK-12 educators to support the effective delivery of academic, behavioral, and social-emotional interventions. Step-by-step procedures are presented for assessing existing implementation efforts and using a menu of support strategies to promote intervention fidelity. In a large-size format with lay-flat binding for easy photocopying, the book includes 24 reproducible worksheets, strategy guides, and fidelity assessment tools. Purchasers get access to a Web page where they can download and print the reproducible materials. This book is in The Guilford Practical Intervention in the Schools Series, edited by T. Chris Riley-Tillman\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Physiotherapy plus conventional treatment versus conventional treatment only in the treatment of functional constipation in children: design of a randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study in primary care
Background
Our aim was to design a study to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adding physiotherapy to conventional treatment for children with functional constipation in primary care. Physiotherapy is focusing on improving the coordination between the pelvic floor and abdominal musculature during bowel movement, while conventional treatment is mainly focusing on symptomatic relief of symptoms, therefore, we expect the effects of physiotherapy will be more sustainable than the effects of conventional treatment. In this paper we describe the final study design and how the design was adapted, to overcome recruitment problems.
Methods
We designed a randomized controlled trial of children aged 4–17 years with functional constipation diagnosed by a general practitioner or pediatrician. Children in the intervention group received physiotherapy plus conventional treatment, and those in the control group received conventional treatment only. Follow-up measurements took place at 4 and 8 months. The primary outcome was treatment success defined according to the Rome-III criteria as the absence of functional constipation, with no laxative use. Secondary outcomes were absence of functional constipation irrespective of laxative use, quality of life, global perceived effect, and costs.
Children were recruited from September 2014 to February 2017. Initially, we aimed to include children with recent symptom onset. However, in the first phase of enrollment we were confronted with an unforeseen recruitment problem: many children and their parents refused randomization because physiotherapy was considered too burdensome for the stage of disease. Therefore, we decided to also include children with a longer duration of symptoms. In total 134 children were included.
Discussion
The target number of participants is achieved. Therefore, the results may change thinking about the management of functional constipation in children.
Trail registration
Netherlands Trial Register (
NTR4797
), registered 8 September 2014.
Journal Article
Can baryon stopping explain the breakdown of constituent quark scaling and proposed signals of chiral magnetic waves at RHIC?
Azimuthal emission spectra of various hadron species in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions at ≈ 200 GeV exhibit a curious hierarchy at intermediate pt (≈ 2 – 3 GeV). Rather than being ordered by mass, the spectra seem to be ordered by whether the species is a baryon or meson. It is seen that when the elliptic flow v2 and transverse momentum pT are both scaled by the number of quarks in each hadron, the spectra fall in line with each other. This number of constituent quark (NCQ) scaling suggests a system where the relevant degrees of freedom are colored partons as opposed to hadrons: the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Thus, a break down of this scaling as beam energy is reduced could be indicative of the QGP threshold. However, at lower energies, there is also an increase in the number of entrance-channel partons transported to mid-rapidity due to baryon stopping, which can violate NCQ scaling even above the QGP threshold. We describe a specific pattern for the break down of the scaling that includes the observed difference in elliptic flow for positive and negative pions. We also contrast baryon stopping with the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME)–an alternative model for π+/π− flow difference–and discuss results from tests that can distinguish between them.
Journal Article
Comparison of data from two vegetation monitoring methods in semi-natural grasslands
Two vegetation-monitoring methods were compared: subplot frequency analysis (SF) and visual estimation of percentage cover (VE). Two independent observers collected data from two semi-natural, species-rich grasslands on three different occasions during the growth-season. During the last data collection period, survey times were also recorded. The two different data sets from the two methods were compared using partial Redundancy Analyses. The purpose of the comparison was to identify the method that explains most of the relevant variation in biodiversity-monitoring (inter- and intra-site variation), and the variation irrelevant when evaluating data (systematic inter-observer variation and variation due to phenological changes). Compared with VE data, more variation in SF data could be explained by spatial variables, while less variation depended on the observer and time of year surveyed. SF also found more species per plot but took on average five times longer to complete than VE. In conclusion, the different methods are suitable for different purposes: SF is more suitable for purposes demanding high accuracy and high precision, such as long-term biodiversity-monitoring when the identification of small changes has high priority, while VE might be more suitable for a one-time mapping of a large area.
Journal Article
Undisclosed exposure to antiretrovirals prior to treatment initiation: An exploratory analysis
The proportion of individuals with a history of exposure ('pre-exposure') to antiretrovirals (ARVs) prior to formal initiation into antiretroviral treatment (ART) is unknown.
This study describes the detection of ARVs in plasma and/or hair, of persons who self-reported no pre-exposure to ART at their first-time initiation onto ART in three clinics in the province of Limpopo, South Africa (SA).
Concentrations of tenofovir (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC) and efavirenz (EFV) in the plasma and hair of individuals initiating ART were analysed using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Next generation sequences of HIV polymerase gene were analysed with Geneious software 11.15, and drug resistance (DR) mutations were determined according to the Stanford HIV Drug-Resistance database. Participants' demographic data were collected on a structured questionnaire. Data that describe prior exposure to ARV were also collected by this self-reporting method.
Paired blood and hair samples were collected from 77 individuals newly initiated onto ART from 2017 to 2019. We detected at least one of the drugs in the plasma or hair of 41/77 (53.2%) patients who responded with a 'no' to the question 'have you received ARVs before initiation onto ART?' Thirty-one participants (
= 31/77, 40.3%) had TDF in either plasma or hair. Emtricitabine and EFV were found in the plasma or hair of 12/77 (15.6%) and 25/77 (32.4%) of participants respectively. Six (
= 6/77, 7.792%) had all three ARVs in plasma or hair. Prevalence of DR mutations at the > 5% significance threshold level in those known to have had ARV-exposure determined by LC-MS/MS prior to ART-initiation was not significant (χ
= 0.798;
= 0.372), when compared to those who had no prior exposure but still showed DR.
Antiretroviral levels in the hair of individuals initiating treatment imply prolonged prior-exposure to that ARV. The presence of ARV in plasma and hair of persons living with HIV (PLWH) who deny ARV-use, requires an explanation. A larger study at multiple sites and regular DR surveillance of ART-naïve PLWH will be necessary to confirm the generalisability of these findings to the wider South African population.
Journal Article