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Most articles written about U.S. politics in the past few years have mentioned the increasing polarization of the electorate. But is this real, or does it merely reflect the increasing polarization of the media? Chen and Rohla estimate that in 2016, Thanksgiving dinners in which the hosts and guests lived in oppositely voting precincts were up to 50 minutes shorter than same-party-precinct dinners. That is, family members, adjured to avoid talking about contentious subjects, may have simply talked less. Science , this issue p. 1020 Cell phone tracking shows that mixed-political-party families had shorter 2016 Thanksgiving gatherings, exacerbated by political advertising. Research on growing American political polarization and antipathy primarily studies public institutions and political processes, ignoring private effects, including strained family ties. Using anonymized smartphone-location data and precinct-level voting, we show that Thanksgiving dinners attended by residents from opposing-party precincts were 30 to 50 minutes shorter than same-party dinners. This decline from a mean of 257 minutes survives extensive spatial and demographic controls. Reductions in the duration of Thanksgiving dinner in 2016 tripled for travelers from media markets with heavy political advertising—an effect not observed in 2015—implying a relationship to election-related behavior. Effects appear asymmetric: Although fewer Democratic-precinct residents traveled in 2016 than in 2015, Republican-precinct residents shortened their Thanksgiving dinners by more minutes in response to political differences. Nationwide, 34 million hours of cross-partisan Thanksgiving dinner discourse were lost in 2016 owing to partisan effects.

Languages differ widely in the ways they encode time. I test the hypothesis that the languages that grammatically associate the future and the present, foster future-oriented behavior. This prediction arises naturally when well-documented effects of language structure are merged with models of intertemporal choice. Empirically, I find that speakers of such languages: save more, retire with more wealth, smoke less, practice safer sex, and are less obese. This holds both across countries and within countries when comparing demographically similar native households. The evidence does not support the most obvious forms of common causation. I discuss implications for theories of intertemporal choice.

يتميز هذا الكتاب بأنه مصدر شامل لمعلمي الطفولة المبكرة وذو لغة بسيطة ومفهومة وهو يلائم مدى واسع للقراء والباحثين عن طرق دعم نمو الاطفال ذوي الحاجات الخاصة الملتحقين في بدائل الدمج الشامل لتربية الطفولة المبكرة وأسرهم ويقدم هذا الكتاب للمربين دليلا علميا وفعالا لايجاد فرص لتعلم الطفل من أنشطة المنهاج والانشطة الروتنية اليومية حيث يركز على مبادئ الدمج ومركزية دور الاسرة في تعلم ونمو الطفل وبالتاكيد دور معلمي تربية الطفولة المبكرة والتربية الخاصة ويحتوي الكتاب على الجداول والاشكال التي تبرز مراحل النمو عند الأطفال وكيفية تنميته باقتراحات محددة ومباشرة وبأمثلة عملية من الممارسات اليومية في الصف والمنزل.

Dental resin-composites are comprised of a photo-polymerizable organic resin matrix and mixed with silane-treated reinforcing inorganic fillers. In the development of the composites, the three main components can be modified: the inorganic fillers, the organic resin matrix, and the silane coupling agents. The aim of this article is to review recent studies of the development of dental nanocomposites and their clinical applications. In nanocomposites, nanofillers are added and distributed in a dispersed form or as clusters. For increasing the mineral content of the tooth, calcium and phosphate ion-releasing composites and fluoride-releasing nanocomposites were developed by the addition of DCPA-whiskers or TTCP-whiskers or by the use of calcium fluoride or kaolinite. For enhancing mechanical properties, nanocomposites reinforced with nanofibers or nanoparticles were investigated. For reducing polymerization shrinkage, investigators modified the resin matrix by using methacrylate and epoxy functionalized nanocomposites based on silsesquioxane cores or epoxy-resin-based nanocomposites. The effects of silanization were also studied. Clinical consideration of light-curing modes and mechanical properties of nanocomposites, especially strength durability after immersion, was also addressed.

An optimal single-photon source should deterministically deliver one, and only one, photon at a time, with no trade-off between the source’s efficiency and the photon indistinguishability. However, all reported solid-state sources of indistinguishable single photons had to rely on polarization filtering, which reduced the efficiency by 50%, fundamentally limiting the scaling of photonic quantum technologies. Here, we overcome this long-standing challenge by coherently driving quantum dots deterministically coupled to polarization-selective Purcell microcavities. We present two examples: narrowband, elliptical micropillars and broadband, elliptical Bragg gratings. A polarization-orthogonal excitation–collection scheme is designed to minimize the polarization filtering loss under resonant excitation. We demonstrate a polarized single-photon efficiency of 0.60 ± 0.02 (0.56 ± 0.02), a single-photon purity of 0.975 ± 0.005 (0.991 ± 0.003) and an indistinguishability of 0.975 ± 0.006 (0.951 ± 0.005) for the micropillar (Bragg grating) device. Our work provides promising solutions for truly optimal single-photon sources combining near-unity indistinguishability and near-unity system efficiency simultaneously.

Radiation-induced lung injury is a major dose-limiting toxicity in thoracic radiotherapy. Pirfenidone, an oral antifibrotic drug that is often used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, could offer therapeutic benefits for patients with radiation-induced lung injury. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of pirfenidone in patients with grade 2 or grade 3 radiation-induced lung injury. This multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 clinical trial enrolled patients with grade 2 or grade 3 radiation-induced lung injury diagnosed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 from ten medical centres across China. Eligible patients were aged 18–75 years with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–2 and had grade 2 or grade 3 radiation-induced lung injury. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using a computer-generated random number table to receive either pirfenidone plus glucocorticoids or glucocorticoids alone. Pirfenidone was given orally three times daily at doses of 200 mg in week 1, 300 mg in week 2, and 400 mg in weeks 3–24. Glucocorticoids were administered concurrently at the equivalent dose of prednisone 40 mg/day, divided into two oral doses, and maintained for 2 weeks, followed by a tapering schedule of 10 mg every 2 weeks over a period of 6 to 8 weeks. The control group received glucocorticoids only. The primary endpoint, evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat population, was the change in the percentage of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO%) from baseline to week 24. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of treatment. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03902509, and has completed enrolment. Between Nov 29, 2021, and Dec 4, 2023, 134 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned, with 67 patients in each group study group. 105 (78%) of 134 patients were male and 29 (22%) were female. The median follow-up was 9·2 months (IQR 6·3–16·0). At week 24, the pirfenidone group showed an 8·0% improvement from baseline in DLCO%, whereas the control group showed a 2·4% reduction (least squares mean difference 10·4%, 95% CI 4·3–16·5; p=0·0010). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events included pneumonia (four [6%] of 67 patients in the pirfenidone group vs eight [12%] of 67 patients in the control group), and rash (two [3%] of 67 patients in the pirfenidone group vs none in the control group). Serious adverse events occurred in 12 (18%) of 67 patients in the pirfenidone group and 11 (16%) of 67 patients in the control group. There were no treatment related deaths. Pirfenidone in combination with glucocorticoids provides a potential therapeutic strategy for grade 2 or grade 3 radiation-induced lung injury, addressing the unmet clinical need for effective antifibrotic therapy in patients receiving thoracic radiotherapy. Further investigation is needed to validate these findings in patients with worse radiation-induced lung injury than was studied here. Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project, National Key R&D Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Cancer Innovative Research Program of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center.

The role of surgery compared with reirradiation in the primary treatment of patients with resectable, locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who have previously received radiotherapy is a matter of debate. In this trial, we compared the efficacy and safety outcomes of salvage endoscopic surgery versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with resectable locally recurrent NPC. This multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was done in three hospitals in southern China. We included patients aged 18–70 years with a Karnofsky Performance Status score of at least 70 who were histopathologically diagnosed with undifferentiated or differentiated, non-keratinising, locally recurrent NPC with tumours confined to the nasopharyngeal cavity, the post-naris or nasal septum, the superficial parapharyngeal space, or the base wall of the sphenoid sinus. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either endoscopic nasopharyngectomy (ENPG group) or IMRT (IMRT group). Randomisation was done manually using a computer-generated random number code and patients were stratified by treatment centre. Treatment group assignment was not masked. The primary endpoint was overall survival, compared between the groups at 3 years. Efficacy analyses were done by intention to treat. Safety analysis was done in patients who received treatment according to the treatment they actually received. This trial was prospectively registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-TRC-11001573, and is currently in follow-up. Between Sept 30, 2011, and Jan 16, 2017, 200 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either ENPG (n=100) or IMRT (n=100). At a median follow-up of 56·0 months (IQR 42·0–69·0), 74 patients had died (29 [29%] of 100 patients in the ENPG group and 45 [45%] of 100 patients in the IMRT group). The 3-year overall survival was 85·8% (95% CI 78·9–92·7) in the ENPG group and 68·0% (58·6–77·4) in the IMRT group (hazard ratio 0·47, 95% CI 0·29–0·76; p=0·0015). The most common grade 3 or worse radiation-related late adverse event was pharyngeal mucositis (in five [5%] of 99 patients who underwent ENPG and 26 [26%] of 101 patients who underwent IMRT). Five [5%] of the 99 patients who underwent ENPG and 20 [20%] of the 101 patients who underwent IMRT died due to late toxic effects specific to radiotherapy; attribution to previous radiotherapy or trial radiotherapy is unclear due to the long-term nature of radiation-related toxicity. Endoscopic surgery significantly improved overall survival compared with IMRT in patients with resectable locally recurrent NPC. These results suggest that ENPG could be considered as the standard treatment option for this patient population, although long-term follow-up is needed to further determine the efficacy and toxicity of this strategy. Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program

The long noncoding RNA TINCR shows aberrant expression in human squamous carcinomas. However, its expression and function in gastric cancer remain unclear. We report that TINCR is strongly upregulated in human gastric carcinoma (GC), where it was found to contribute to oncogenesis and cancer progression. We also revealed that TINCR overexpression is induced by nuclear transcription factor SP1. Silencing TINCR expression inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, tumorigenicity and apoptosis promotion, whereas TINCR overexpression promoted cell growth, as documented in the SGC7901 and BGC823 cell lines. Mechanistic analyses indicated that TINCR could bind to STAU1 (staufen1) protein, and influence KLF2 mRNA stability and expression, then KLF2 regulated cyclin-dependent kinase genes CDKN1A/P21 and CDKN2B/P15 transcription and expression, thereby affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of GC cells. Together, our findings suggest that TINCR contributes to the oncogenic potential of GC and may constitute a potential therapeutic target in this disease.