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"M. M. Wilford"
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The genus tulipa : tulips of the world
'The Genus Tulipa' is a complete survey of tulip species to date. Each species is illustrated by a botanical painting by artist and author Diana Everett, with accompanying colour photographs of the plants in habitat and distribution maps.
Book
Demystifying the Plea Process: Investigating Attorney Communications and Client Misconceptions
Objective: to study issues related to the lawyer and client interaction regarding building a legal position on the case and the plea process.Methods: the article uses the universal dialectical method of cognition, as well as general (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific scientific research methods (formal-legal method).Results: As the United States has shifted to “a system of pleas,” the role of defense attorneys has swung from trial litigator to plea negotiator. The study results indicated that defense attorneys spend a significant amount of time meeting with clients. Attorneys also cited substantial deficits in criminal defendants’ knowledge of the legal system, as well as many misconceptions regarding legal procedures. The respondents provided a diversity of responses regarding the most important advice they offer their clients with many mentioning facts related to the case resolution process, the direct and collateral consequences associated with a criminal conviction, the role of the defense attorney, and the importance of the right to silence. Further, over half of the attorneys surveyed indicated a general hesitance and 15.0% – an outright refusal to provide an explicit plea recommendation to their clients.Scientific novelty: The plea process is complex, and defense attorneys play a critical role in this process. The current work highlights how that role has potentially evolved – moving from adviser to educator and evaluator. More qualitative data collection like this is needed to illuminate how attorneys influence defendants’ decision-making rather than just whether they do and by how much. This type of research on “expanded criminal defense lawyering” often goes above and beyond typical outcomes, and instead focuses more on the process, such as plea negotiations and effective attorney-client communication, and often incorporates the defendants’ perspectives. Such studies will inform future avenues for research and how best to operationalize attorney-client communication. The research substantiates the need to reduce the burden on defense attorneys by making it easier for them to ensure that their clients are meeting the knowing and intelligent requirements for plea decisions.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to building a legal position on the case and the plea process.
Journal Article
Confession evidence results in more true and false guilty pleas than eyewitness evidence
Objectives
This study examines how confession (versus eyewitness) evidence and guilt status impacts mock defendants’ plea decisions and perceptions of their probability of conviction (PoC) and the strength of evidence (SoE), key elements of the shadow-of-the-trial model.
Methods
In a simulated mock-theft scenario, adult participants (
n
= 239) were randomly assigned to a guilt status (guilty/innocent) and evidence-type (confession/eyewitness) condition. They were offered a plea, and perceptions of PoC and SoE were measured.
Results
As predicted, confession evidence led to higher rates of pleas than eyewitness evidence. Guilty participants were also more likely to accept the plea than innocent participants. However, evidence type did not impact perceptions of PoC or SoE, though guilt status did.
Conclusions
Our findings empirically support the impact that confessions—true or false—and guilt status have on plea decision-making. We discuss implications of these results for the shadow-of-the-trial model and the cumulative-disadvantage framework.
Journal Article
Understanding Attorneys’ Plea Advice: The Role of Defendant Guilt and Trial Penalties
Plea bargaining underlies the majority of criminal convictions in the United States, yet concerns remain about its potentially coercive effects, particularly when sentencing differentials between plea offers and potential trial outcomes are large. This experiment examined practicing attorneys’ plea-related recommendations in a 2 (Defendant guilt status: guilty or innocent) × 3 (Potential trial sentence: low, moderate, or high) between-subjects design. Using an interactive computer simulation designed to convey legal scenarios engagingly, we measured attorneys’ plea recommendations, willingness to recommend the plea (WTRP), and maximum acceptable plea sentences. The results reflected Prospect Theory’s utility function, with plea acceptance recommendations increasing as potential trial sentences increased, provided the plea sentence remained within an acceptable range. Attorneys also accepted longer maximum plea sentences as trial penalties became more severe. An interaction between defendant guilt status and potential trial sentence showed that attorneys wanted shorter maximum plea sentences for innocent defendants, though this effect was moderated by trial sentence severity. These findings contribute to our understanding of how attorneys evaluate plea offers and illustrate how large sentencing differentials can shape their recommendations in ways that may affect the fairness of the plea-bargaining process.
Journal Article
Polarization, Number of Parties, and Voter Turnout
Objectives. The objective of this study is to explore how party systems can affect turnout by exploring the conditional effect of number of parties and party polarization on democracies. Methods. Using Comparative Manifesto Project data from 26 democracies, this study develops a measure of party systems that interacts party polarization and number of parties to explain turnout. Results. Findings show that the composition of the party system as a whole is a key determinate of a voter’s propensity to vote. Highly polarized systems with few parties spur individuals to vote, while low levels of polarization and many parties reduce incentives to vote. Conclusions. Results have important implications for theories of turnout, resolving the confusion surrounding how party systems affect political participation.
Journal Article
Javanicin, an Antibacterial Naphthaquinone from an Endophytic Fungus of Neem, Chloridium sp
The endophytic fungus Chloridium sp. produces javanicin under liquid and solid media culture conditions. This highly functionalized naphthaquinone exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas spp., representing pathogens to both humans and plants. The compound was crystallized and the structure was elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray structure confirms the previously elucidated structure of the compound that was done under standard spectroscopic methods. The importance of javanicin in establishing symbiosis between Chloridium sp. and its host plant, Azadirachta indica, is briefly discussed.
Journal Article
Appearances can be deceiving: instructor fluency increases perceptions of learning without increasing actual learning
The present study explored the effects of lecture fluency on students’ metacognitive awareness and regulation. Participants watched one of two short videos of an instructor explaining a scientific concept. In the
fluent
video, the instructor stood upright, maintained eye contact, and spoke fluidly without notes. In the
disfluent
video, the instructor slumped, looked away, and spoke haltingly with notes. After watching the video, participants in Experiment
1
were asked to predict how much of the content they would later be able to recall, and participants in Experiment
2
were given a text-based script of the video to study. Perceived learning was significantly higher for the fluent instructor than for the disfluent instructor (Experiment
1
), although study time was not significantly affected by lecture fluency (Experiment
2
). In both experiments, the fluent instructor was rated significantly higher than the disfluent instructor on traditional instructor evaluation questions, such as preparedness and effectiveness. However, in both experiments, lecture fluency did not significantly affect the amount of information learned. Thus, students’ perceptions of their own learning and an instructor’s effectiveness appear to be based on lecture fluency and not on actual learning.
Journal Article
Terms and conditions apply: the effect of probation length and obligation disclosure on true and false guilty pleas
ObjectivesAlthough the literature suggests wrongful guilty pleas exist, less attention has been devoted to the false guilty pleas to probation sentences. We examined the plea decision-making process when participants faced probation.MethodsWe conducted a 2 (guilt status: innocent or guilty) × 2 (probation length: 1 year or 5 years) × 2 (probation obligations: general or detailed disclosure) between-participant experiment using an online sample (N = 906). Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions and were asked whether they would accept a plea offer.ResultsParticipants who were guilty and faced a shorter probation sentence were more likely to plead guilty. Participants receiving detailed disclosure were less likely to plead guilty, but the effect was less robust. Participants who faced a longer sentence and received detailed disclosure reported larger declines in plea willingness.ConclusionThe findings suggest that criminal defendants are sensitive to the length and disclosure of probation sentences.
Journal Article
Plea-Bargaining Law: the Impact of Innocence, Trial Penalty, and Conviction Probability on Plea Outcomes
Despite the prevalence of guilty pleas, we know relatively little about factors that influence the decision to plead. Replicating and extending Dervan and Edkins’ Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 103, 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2071397, (2013), we conducted two experiments to examine the effects of guilt status, trial penalty, and conviction likelihood on plea outcomes using an adaptation of a high-stakes cheating paradigm. Students were led to believe that they were participating in a study examining team versus individual problem solving. Those randomly assigned to a guilty condition were induced to cheat on an individual problem by a study confederate (in clear violation of the study instructions). All participants were later accused of cheating in the research study, and were offered the analogue of a plea deal in an academic context. Across both experiments, guilty participants were significantly more likely to plead guilty than innocent participants. In Experiment 2, conviction probability affected plea rates only among the innocent. The trial penalty manipulation had no significant effect on plea rates. Reasons for pleading guilty differed between the innocent and the guilty, whereas the plea rejection rationales were similar across the two groups. Overall, this research highlights several avenues for further research aimed at improving the current system of pleas to reduce false guilty pleas.
Journal Article
The Schools Choose the Democratic Way (1942)
This article revisits the Eight-Year Study, which was a set of simultaneous experiments in secondary education carried out by 30 schools from 1933 to 1941. These schools were free from the usual subject and unit requirements for college admission for a period of eight years, beginning with the class entering college in 1936. Freed from the demands of college preparation, the schools were able to better serve their students by experimenting with alternatives to curriculum design, institutional organization, and student assessment. The teachers in the Thirty Schools were brought into full sharing in the general life of the school. This involved much more cooperative thought and action than before. Teachers entered more significantly into the general life of the school through curriculum revision. In almost all of the participating schools the changes that were made in curriculum and teaching procedures were a result of faculty collaboration. The Thirty Schools progressed in making the general life of the school consistent with the democratic ideal. [Reprinted from Wilford M. Aikin, \"The Story of the Eight-Year Study, with Conclusions and Recommendations,\" vol. 1 of \"Adventure in American Education,\" chap. 2, 24-45. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942.]
Journal Article