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The aim of this open-label study was to assess extracranial Doppler criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients. Seventy patients were assessed: 49 with relapsing-remitting, 5 with primary progressive and 16 with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. The patients were aged 15-58 years and they suffered from multiple sclerosis for 0.5-40 years. Sonographic signs of abnormal venous outflow were detected in 64 patients (91.4%). We found at least two of four extracranial criteria in 63 patients (90.0%), confirming that multiple sclerosis is stronghly associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Additional transcranial investigations may increase the rate of patients found positive in our survey. Reflux in internal jugular and/or vertebral veins was present in 31 cases (42.8%), stenosis of internal jugular veins in 61 cases (87.1%), not detectable flow in internal jugular and/or vertebral veins in 37 cases (52.9%) and negative difference in cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein assessed in the supine vs. sitting position in 28 cases (40.0%). Flow abnormalities in the vertebral veins were found in 8 patients (11.4%). Pathologic structures (membranaceous or netlike septa, or inverted valves) in the junction of internal jugular vein with brachiocephalic vein were found in 41 patients (58.6%), in 15 patients (21.4%) on one side only and in 26 patients (37.1%) bilaterally. Multiple sclerosis is highly correlated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. These abnormalities in the extracranial veins draining the central nervous system can exist in various combinations. The most common pathology in our patients was the presence of an inverted valve or another pathologic structure (like membranaceous or netlike septum) in the area of junction of the IJV with the brachiocephalic vein.

Purpose - To investigate the effects of the infra-red power level on sintering behaviour in the high speed sintering (HSS) process.Design methodology approach - Single-layer parts were produced using the HSS process, in order to determine the effect of the infra-red power level on the maximum achievable layer thickness, and the degree of sintering. The parts were examined using both optical microscopy and contact methods.Findings - It was initially expected that an increase in the infra-red lamp powder might allow an increase in the depth of sintering that could be achieved, as a result of increased thermal transfer through the powder. However, results in fact indicated that there is a maximum layer thickness that can be achieved, as a result of part shrinkage in the z direction. Optical microscopy images have shown that a greater degree of sintering occurs at higher power levels, which would be expected to correspond to an improvement in the mechanical properties of the parts produced. These images also indicate that the radiation absorbing material forms in small \"islands\" on the powder bed surface. As sintering progresses, these islands begin to merge; this occurs to a greater extent at higher infra-red lamp powers.Research limitations implications - These results are based only on single layer parts. Further work will examine the sintering characteristics of multiple layer parts.Practical implications - Results have shown that, whilst it is not possible to increase the achievable layer thickness of the parts produced by modifying the infra-red lamp power, the degree of sintering can be improved greatly by increasing the power.Originality value - HSS is an entirely new process which is currently still under development; the results presented here will directly impact the direction of further development and research into this process.

[...]as you have innovative or creative ideas you'd like to see included in the Journal, or added to its format, etc, please feel free to let me know.

The goals of this research were to (1) explore the motivational climate in the athletic training room, (2) determine if individual characteristics influence an athlete's perception of the motivational climate, and (3) examine whether the motivational climate can predict different psychosocial beliefs. Method: Participants were 180 male and female intercollegiate athletes from 13 different sports at one university. A survey comprised of PMCSQ-2, TEOSQ, a sport rehabilitation enjoyment measure, and a perceived competence in rehabilitation measure, along with demographic questions was used. Survey information was entered into SPSS statistical software. Preliminary analyses (frequencies, descriptives, reliabilities, correlations) followed by a series of MANOVAs and a multivariate regression were conducted. Results: 9% of the variance of perceptions of the motivational climate was accounted for by gender differences; 12% by starter status differences; 45% by goal orientation differences; however, perceptions of the motivational climate failed to predict level of rehabilitation enjoyment and perceptions of rehabilitation competence. Discussion: The motivational climate is present in the athletic training room. Athletes' personal characteristics and individual goal orientations are influential in how they perceive the motivational climate. The motivational climate generated by athletic trainers may impact the athletes' adherence and compliance to treatment and rehabilitation.

Jim Ramsay, author of the second article being published at this time, makes a case for why outcomes-based accreditation makes sense for homeland security programs.

The first article, by Linda Kiltz, argues that higher education homeland security and emergency management programs should be collaborative, integrated and should involve multiple disciplines.