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"MICHEL, Pierre"
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Meta-analysis of ERP investigations of pain empathy underlines methodological issues in ERP research
Empathy has received considerable attention from the field of cognitive and social neuroscience. A significant portion of these studies used the event-related potential (ERP) technique to study the mechanisms of empathy for pain in others in different conditions and clinical populations. These show that specific ERP components measured during the observation of pain in others are modulated by several factors and altered in clinical populations. However, issues present in this literature such as analytical flexibility and lack of type 1 error control raise doubts regarding the validity and reliability of these conclusions. The current study compiled the results and methodological characteristics of 40 studies using ERP to study empathy of pain in others. The results of the meta-analysis suggest that the centro-parietal P3 and late positive potential component are sensitive to the observation of pain in others, while the early N1 and N2 components are not reliably associated with vicarious pain observation. The review of the methodological characteristics shows that the presence of selective reporting, analytical flexibility and lack of type 1 error control compromise the interpretation of these results. The implication of these results for the study of empathy and potential solutions to improve future investigations are discussed.
Journal Article
الارستقراطيون : رواية
تدور أحداث رواية (الارستقراطيون) حول الفتاة \"جان\" حيث يقول الكاتب في روايته \"انطلقت جان من جديد صوب المنتزه وهي تجري. كانت في عينيها صورة الدار العتيقة النهمة، تحرسها أبراج موغلة في القدم وأولاد بغير شفقة أو رحمة. وكانت أشجار الغابات تفتح آبارا من الظلال تجري فيها أشعة الشمس كالينبوع، وساد الجو رائحة الزرع والعفن والأوراق الحالمة والحيوانات الناعسة، وألقت جان بنفسها على الأرض، وفمها ويداها في العشب الدافئ، وانفجرت أخيرا باكية بشدة لدرجة أن أولاد البستاني الذين كانوا يلعبون في نهاية أحد الممرات وقفوا برهة يتسمعون\".
Book
Potential use of mealworm frass as a fertilizer: Impact on crop growth and soil properties
Rearing insects is expected to dramatically increase during the next few years, and this will be associated with generating high quantities of frass (insect excreta). It is necessary to find solutions allowing the efficient valorization of these by-products before a major upscaling of the industry takes place. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the fertilizer potential of frass. A pot experiment was established and soil was amended either with mealworm (
Tenebrio molitor
L.) frass (10 Mg ha
−1
), with mineral fertilizer (NPK) at equivalent nutrient level to frass or with a mixture of 50% NPK and 50% frass. Changes of soil properties and growth and nutrient uptake by barley (
Hordeum vulgare
L.) were then analyzed. Due to its rapid mineralization and the presence of nutrient in a readily-available form, we found that frass is as efficient as mineral NPK fertilizer to improve biomass and N, P and K uptake by barley. Compared to mineral fertilizer, water soluble P concentration is five times lower in the presence of frass, which prevents P from loss and sorption onto soil constituents. More importantly, BIOLOG EcoPlate reveals that addition of frass stimulates soil microbial activity, especially when it is mixed with mineral fertilizer, suggesting a synergistic effect between both amendments. Taken together, our results indicate that frass has a great potential to be used as a partial or a complete substitute for mineral NPK fertilizer. This is especially relevant in the context of a reduced availability of mineral fertilizers while being consistent with circular economy’s principles.
Journal Article
Copper and cobalt accumulation in plants
This review synthesizes contemporary understanding of copper–cobalt (Cu–Co) tolerance and accumulation in plants. Accumulation of foliar Cu and Co to > 300 lg μ−1 is exceptionally rare globally, and known principally from the Copperbelt of Central Africa. Cobalt accumulation is also observed in a limited number of nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator plants occurring on ultramafic soils around the world. None of the putative Cu or Co hyperaccumulator plants appears to comply with the fundamental principle of hyperaccumulation, as foliar Cu–Co accumulation is strongly dose-dependent. Abnormally high plant tissue Cu concentrations occur only when plants are exposed to high soil Cu with a low root to shoot translocation factor. Most Cu-tolerant plants are Excluders sensu Baker and therefore setting nominal threshold values for Cu hyperaccumulation is not informative. Abnormal accumulation of Co occurs under similar circumstances in the Copperbelt of Central Africa as well as sporadically in Ni hyperaccumulator plants on ultramafic soils; however, Co-tolerant plants behave physiologically as Indicators sensu Baker. Practical application of Cu–Co accumulator plants in phytomining is limited due to their dose-dependent accumulation characteristics, although for Co field trials may be warranted on highly Co-contaminated mineral wastes because of its relatively high metal value.
Journal Article
معجم الأثنولوجيا والأنتربولوجيا
يشارك المسؤولون عن هذا المعجم وجهة نظر كلود ليفي ستروس (التي يردها إلى مارسيل موس) والتي تعتبر الأنتروبولوجيا \"عالم معرفة متميزا\" أكثر مما هي \"مصدر معرفة خاص\" ففلكي تعرض الأنتروبولوجيا أمام جمهور واسع وكان من الأنسب إذن على الأقل قول ما تجعل الآخرين يعرفونه وكيفية تعريفها به ويتوافق جميع الأنتروبولوجيين على أن لغتهم تنتمي إلى جهاز وظيفي مزدوج وصفي ومفهومي بتلك الأداة التحليلية يتصدون للواقع الاجتماعي وينظمون معارفهم ويحددون توجهات تفكيرهم كما يقومون عبر لغتهم الخاصة بتعريف علمهم من الخارج.
Reference book
Modifications of the rain forest frugivore community are associated with reduced seed removal at the community level
Tropical rain forests worldwide are under increasing pressure from human activities, which are altering key ecosystem processes such as plant–animal interactions. However, while the direct impact of anthropogenic disturbance on animal communities has been well studied, the consequences of such defaunation for mutualistic interactions such as seed dispersal remains chiefly understood at the plant species level. We asked whether communities of endozoochorous tree species had altered seed removal in forests affected by hunting and logging and if this could be related to modifications of the frugivore community. At two contrasting forest sites in French Guiana, Nouragues (protected) and Montagne de Kaw (hunted and partly logged), we focused on four families of animal-dispersed trees (Sapotaceae, Myristicaceae, Burseraceae, and Fabaceae), which represent 88% of all endozoochorous trees that were fruiting at the time and location of the study. We assessed the abundance of the seed dispersers and predators of these four focal families by conducting diurnal distance sampling along line transects. Densities of several key seed dispersers such as large-bodied primates were greatly reduced at Montagne de Kaw, where the specialist frugivore Ateles paniscus is probably extinct. In parallel, we estimated seed removal rates from fruit and seed counts conducted in 1-m2 quadrats placed on the ground beneath fruiting trees. Seed removal rates dropped from 77% at Nouragues to 47 % at Montagne de Kaw, confirming that the loss of frugivores associated with human disturbance impacts seed removal at the community level. In contrast to Sapotaceae, whose seeds are dispersed by mammals only, weaker declines in seed removal for Burseraceae and Myristicaceae suggest that some compensation may occur for these bird- and mammal-dispersed families, possibly because of the high abundance of Toucans at the disturbed site. The defaunation process currently occurring across many tropical forests could dramatically reduce the diversity of entire communities of animal-dispersed trees through seed removal limitation.
Journal Article
الطفل والتلفزيون
يتميز هذا الكتاب بأسلوب شيق ساحر يفيض بالروح العلمية وتشوبه مسحة من التجريب العميقة في مجال العلاقة بين الاطفال والتلفزيون اذ يلقي الضوء على أهم المشكلات التربوية والاجتماعية التي يطرحها الإعلام التلفزيوني المعاصر في مجال تربية الأطفال وتنشئتهم فانه يطرح نفسه عونا علميا تجريبيا للمربين والآباء والمتخصصين والعاملين في مجال التلفزيون على مستوى الوطن العربي الكبير.
BOOK
Ketamine for the acute treatment of severe suicidal ideation: double blind, randomised placebo controlled trial
AbstractObjectiveTo confirm the rapid onset anti-suicidal benefits of ketamine in the short term and at six weeks, overall and according to diagnostic group.DesignProspective, double blind, superiority, randomised placebo controlled trial.SettingSeven French teaching hospitals between 13 April 2015 and 12 March 2019.Eligibility criteria for participantsAged 18 or older with current suicidal ideation, admitted to hospital voluntarily. Exclusion criteria included a history of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, substance dependence, and contraindications for ketamine.Participants156 participants were recruited and randomised to placebo (n=83) or ketamine (n=73), stratified by centre and diagnosis: bipolar, depressive, or other disorders.InterventionTwo 40 minute intravenous infusions of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo (saline) were administered at baseline and 24 hours, in addition to usual treatment.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the rate of patients in full suicidal remission at day 3, according to the scale for suicidal ideation total score ≤3. Analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis.ResultsMore participants receiving ketamine reached full remission of suicidal ideas at day 3 than those receiving placebo: 46 (63.0%) of 83 participants in the ketamine arm and 25 (31.6%) of 73 in the placebo arm (odds ratio 3.7 (95% confidence interval 1.9 to 7.3), P<0.001). This effect differed according to the diagnosis (treatment: P<0.001; interaction: P=0.02): bipolar (odds ratio 14.1 (95% confidence interval 3.0 to 92.2), P<0.001), depressive (1.3 (0.3 to 5.2), P=0.6), or other disorders (3.7 (0.9 to 17.3, P=0.07)). Side effects were limited. No manic or psychotic symptom was seen. Moreover, a mediating effect of mental pain was found. At week 6, remission in the ketamine arm remained high, although non-significantly versus placebo (69.5% v 56.3%; odds ratio 0.8 (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 2.5), P=0.7).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that ketamine is rapid, safe in the short term, and has persistent benefits for acute care in suicidal patients. Comorbid mental disorders appear to be important moderators. An analgesic effect on mental pain might explain the anti-suicidal effects of ketamine.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02299440.
Journal Article