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In the production of supply chains, dual-role factors and undesirable outputs are commonly encountered. However, current research fails to effectively address these factors, leading to inaccurate assessments of efficiency. To address these limitations, this study proposes a method called the network slacks-based measure considering both dual-role factors and undesirable outputs. Our methodology treats dual-role factors as strongly disposable and employs 0–1 programming to manage these factors, while utilizing the slacks-based approach to handle undesirable outputs. Data from 10 automotive supply chains are collected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. To examine the impact of intermediate products, we compare their efficiency under different link activities. The findings suggest that using fixed links to manage intermediate products may overestimate production efficiency. Furthermore, the impact of dual-role factors is evaluated under two scenarios: weak disposability and the exclusion of dual-role factors. The results demonstrate that treating dual-role factors as weakly disposable may overestimate efficiency, whereas ignoring them may lead to an underestimation of efficiency.

How to accurately assess logistics industry efficiency to identify production issues and provide support for optimizing logistics efficiency has become a current research challenge. Range adjust measure (RAM) is a method for efficiency assessment in data envelopment analysis. Currently, the RAM model only applies under the variable returns to scale condition and not to other conditions. This paper aims to establish a modified RAM (MRAM) model by revising the ranges for inputs and outputs of the RAM model. Under the constant returns to scale (CRS) condition, we first develop the RAM-CRS model. Then, by introducing radial models to define the lower bounds of inputs and the upper bounds of outputs, the MRAM is proposed. The logistics data from 18 provinces are collected to validate the practicality of the MRAM model. We compare the results of the MRAM with those of the RAM-CRS and conclude that the range bounds under RAM-CRS are too tight, which results in efficiency values at a relatively low level. The MRAM with modified bounds appropriately alleviates this restriction. We also compare the MRAM and the additive model. The results show that the efficiency of the MRAM is more accurate.

Assessing and optimising the efficiency of agricultural and pastoral systems is crucial for the long-term development of a country. The presence of shared factors and undesirable outputs increases the complexity of evaluating the efficiency of these systems. To address this issue, we first analysed the production possibility sets of the agricultural subsystems, pastoral subsystems, and agricultural and pastoral systems. Then, two bounded adjusted measure (BAM) models considering shared factors and undesirable outputs were proposed to evaluate the divisional efficiency of agricultural and pastoral subsystems. Additionally, a network BAM model in the presence of shared factors and undesirable outputs was developed to assess overall efficiency. Undesirable outputs were handled by slack-based measures in the three novel models. The proposed models were used to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural and pastoral systems across 30 provinces and cities in China. To explore the impact of undesirable outputs, the efficiency of ignoring undesirable outputs was investigated and compared with that obtained from the new method. These results suggest that ignoring undesirable outputs may misestimate efficiency to a certain extent.

The acts of assessing the efficiency of agricultural and pastoral systems and improving their production levels have profound implications for the sustainable development of the agricultural economy. Agricultural and pastoral systems are composed of agricultural sub-systems and pastoral sub-systems, which encompass both the production stage and the sales stage. These two sub-systems include shared factors and undesirable outputs, the latter of which refer to by-products such as CO2 emissions, among others. These factors create significant challenges in assessing the efficiency of agricultural and pastoral systems. To address this issue, this study first proposes divisional system network bounded adjusted measure (BAM) models that consider shared factors and undesirable outputs for assessing the efficiency of agricultural sub-systems and pastoral sub-systems. Subsequently, an overall efficiency model for evaluating the efficiency of agricultural and pastoral systems is developed. The new method is applied to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural and pastoral systems across 30 provinces and cities in China. To explore the impact of undesirable outputs, the efficiency that ignores undesirable outputs is compared with our method. The results indicate that efficiency may be misestimated when ignoring undesirable outputs. Additionally, efficiency under different conditions of intermediate products is also computed, revealing that efficiency under the fixed link of intermediate products tends to be overestimated compared to the free link method we used.

In the context of traditional media, the media can dominate the topic and composition of public opinion, but in the context of the convergence of online media, the dominance of public opinion has gradually evolved from the direction of the coexistence of single items and pluralism, especially from the international level. In other words, the construction of the comprehensive strategic writing partnership between China and Russia in the new era has given a new orientation and connotation to the bilateral relations and cooperation in the new era. In the face of an increasingly complex international public opinion environment, media cooperation between China and Russia is crucial. Therefore, based on an in-depth analysis of the construction of the discourse power of international public opinion under the dual influence of the ecological environment and the network environment, the construction of the discourse power of international public opinion is discussed from the aspects of the construction of discourse objects, the construction of the main body, and the enrichment of the content of international communication.

With the rising status of China in the world, the status of Chinese language in the world is also increasing. International education of Chinese language can adapt to the trend of economic globalization and promote the development of China in the world. At present, in the international education of Chinese language, the curriculum mainly focuses on theory teaching, the teaching staff needs to be further strengthened, the teaching method is relatively single, and the teaching material content cannot keep up with the development of the times. In the application of the computer virtual reality technology in the Chinese international teaching, the classroom instruction is arranged according to the normal language learning habits, the realistic environment is constructed for the spoken language teaching, and the real classroom and the virtual world are combined to carry on the teaching. Teachers should also improve their teaching level, so as to better promote the development of international education of Chinese language.

Over the last five years, accumulative roll bonding （ARB） has been used to produce aluminum-based metal matrix composites （AMMCs） with ultrafine-grained （UFG） structure. Al/Al2O3 [1-3], Al/SiC [4], Al/B4C [5,6], and Al/WC [7] are currently fabricated using ARB because of the resulting highly uniform reinforced particle distribution. ARB composites have higher strength but poorer ductility than unreinforced UFG matrix because stress is concentrated in the reinforced phase-Al matrix interface during tensile process. In the present study, we introduced Al-Zn regions to AI matrix by ARB to obtain AMMCs with high strength and ductility. The dissolution and precipitation of Zn atoms in Al matrix, as well as the effects of Zn on the ductility of AMMCs, were also analyzed.

With the rapid development of network technology, the rapid rise of network public diplomacy with social media has gradually become an important form for governments, which carry out public diplomacy to target countries. Under the background of the continuous and in-depth development of China and Russia comprehensive strategic partnership, the Russian Embassy in China has launched a series of new media public diplomacy activities through the WeChat public account. The theory of international communication and public diplomacy adopted to study the official WeChat public number of the Russian Embassy in China specifically by new media. This paper analyzes the topic distribution, dissemination content and dissemination effect of the public article, trying to observe the use of new media in China. The strategy of diplomacy is to conduct new media public diplomacy for other countries as a reference.

The respiratory system, especially the lung, is the key site of pathological injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the low feasibility of targeted delivery of antibodies into the lungs by intravenous administration and the short half-life period of antibodies in the lungs by intranasal or aerosolized immunization, mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies with lung-targeting capability can perfectly provide high-titer antibodies in lungs to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we firstly identify a human monoclonal antibody, 8-9D, with broad neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The neutralization mechanism of this antibody is explained by the structural characteristics of 8-9D Fabs in complex with the Omicron BA.5 spike. In addition, we evaluate the efficacy of 8-9D using a safe and robust mRNA delivery platform and compare the performance of 8-9D when its mRNA is and is not selectively delivered to the lungs. The lung-selective delivery of the 8-9D mRNA enables the expression of neutralizing antibodies in the lungs which blocks the invasion of the virus, thus effectively protecting female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with the Beta or Omicron BA.1 variant. Our work underscores the potential application of lung-selective mRNA antibodies in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. The authors use lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that predominantly accumulate in the lung to deliver mRNA encoding for the broadly neutralizing antibody 8-9D, and achieve superior inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice compared to control LNPs.

The global outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV), combined with the termination of smallpox vaccination and the lack of specific antiviral treatments, raises increasing concerns. The surface proteins M1R and B6R of MPXV are crucial for virus transmission and serve as key targets for vaccine development. In this study, a panel of human antibodies targeting M1R and B6R is isolated from a human antibody library using phage display technology. Among these antibodies, A138 against M1R and B026 against B6R show the most potent broad-spectrum neutralizing activities against MPXV and Vaccinia virus (VACV). When used in combination, A138 and B026 exhibit complementary neutralizing activity against both viruses in vitro. X-ray crystallography reveales that A138 binds to the loop regions of M1R, similar to the vulnerable epitope of 7D11 on VACV L1R. By contrast, A129 targets a more cryptic epitope, primarily comprising the β-strands of M1R. Moreover, prophylactic and therapeutic administration of A138 or B026 alone provides partial protection, while combining these two antibodies results in enhanced protection against VACV in male C57BL/6 mice. This study demonstrates of a dual-targeting strategy using two different components of the virion for the prevention and treatment of MPXV infection. This study identifies monoclonal antibodies A138 and B026 targeting MPXV proteins M1R and B6R. Both antibodies exhibit neutralization of MPXV and VACV, and their combination enhances protective efficacy in mice, supporting a dual-targeting strategy.