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فرص شبكة الجيل الخامس (5G) : أي فرص تحملها لنا شبكة الجيل الخامس (5G) ؟ وكيف نغتنم هذه الفرص ؟
يثير الجيل الخامس (5G) متابعة العالم بأسره ويحظى أيضا باهتمام في الصين من القمة إلى القاعدة، وكل ذلك يبرهن على أمر معين وهو ما يتحلى به الناس من تطلع عميق تجاه الجيل الخامس (5G) بعد أن عشنا الجيل الرابع من الاتصالات (4G) ونحن على ثقة بأن الجيل الخامس (5G) يمثل فرصة كبرى لتغيير العالم ؛ فما الفرص التي سيجلب لنا الجيل الخامس (5G) يا ترى ؟ ومتى ستظهر هذه الفرص ؟ وكيف تغتنمها ؟ ؛ بعد فترة طويلة من المراقبة والتحليل والإحساس ومن خلال رسم خط مستقيم من الفرص ونظرة استشرافية شاركنا خبير الاتصالات شيانغ لي قانغ فرص الجيل الخامس (5G)، وهذا لم يسمح للمزيد من الناس بمعرفة ما الذي يعنيه الجيل الخامس (5G) فحسب، بل اطلعوا بشكل أوضح على ما يكن أن ينجز الجيل الخامس (5G) واستوعبوا أكثر من ذلك ما يمكن أن يفعله كل واحد منا من خلال الجيل الخامس (5G)
BOOK
A diverse range of factors affect the nature of neural representations underlying short-term memory
Sequential and persistent activity models are two prominent models of short-term memory in neural circuits. In persistent activity models, memories are represented in persistent or nearly persistent activity patterns across a population of neurons, whereas in sequential models, memories are represented dynamically by a sequential activity pattern across the population. Experimental evidence for both models has been reported previously. However, it has been unclear under what conditions these two qualitatively different types of solutions emerge in neural circuits. Here, we address this question by training recurrent neural networks on several short-term memory tasks under a wide range of circuit and task manipulations. We show that both sequential and nearly persistent solutions are part of a spectrum that emerges naturally in trained networks under different conditions. Our results help to clarify some seemingly contradictory experimental results on the existence of sequential versus persistent activity-based short-term memory mechanisms in the brain.Two qualitatively different neural mechanisms for maintaining information in short-term memory, experimentally observed in animal studies, emerge as part of a spectrum of solutions in recurrent neural networks trained on short-term memory tasks.
Journal Article
Confidence reports in decision-making with multiple alternatives violate the Bayesian confidence hypothesis
Decision confidence reflects our ability to evaluate the quality of decisions and guides subsequent behavior. Experiments on confidence reports have almost exclusively focused on two-alternative decision-making. In this realm, the leading theory is that confidence reflects the probability that a decision is correct (the posterior probability of the chosen option). There is, however, another possibility, namely that people are less confident if the best two options are closer to each other in posterior probability, regardless of how probable they are in absolute terms. This possibility has not previously been considered because in two-alternative decisions, it reduces to the leading theory. Here, we test this alternative theory in a three-alternative visual categorization task. We found that confidence reports are best explained by the difference between the posterior probabilities of the best and the next-best options, rather than by the posterior probability of the chosen (best) option alone, or by the overall uncertainty (entropy) of the posterior distribution. Our results upend the leading notion of decision confidence and instead suggest that confidence reflects the observer’s subjective probability that they made the best possible decision.
Conventional theory suggests that people’s confidence about a decision reflects their subjective probability that the decision was correct. By studying decisions with multiple alternatives, the authors show that confidence reports instead reflect the difference in probabilities between the chosen and the next-best alternative.
Journal Article
قصة نجاح \علي بابا\ : حياة \جاك ما\ أغني رجل في الصين
طفل صغير لعائلة فقيرة تهوى التمثيل، طالب فاشل يتعلم الإنجليزية، مدرس متوسط المستوى، سائق عربة بضائع، عاطل عن العمل، يفشل في الالتحاق بأي وظيفة، مترجم لغة إنجليزية محترف، صاحب شركة ترجمة، صاحب موقع إلكتروني لجمع البيانات، مؤسس أكبر موقع متخصص في التجارة بين الشركات، صاحب مؤسسة \"علي بابا\" أكبر رجل أعمال في الصين، أغنى أغنياء الصين، كل هؤلاء في الحقيقة هم شخص واحد، أو بمعنى أصح هي قصة حياة أسطورة الصين حالياً، الرجل الذي غير خريطة التجارة العالمية، إنه \"ما يون\" حسب الاسم الصيني أو جاك ما حسب ما هو معروف به في العالم، والذي يحكي كتاب \"قصة نجاح علي بابا\"، قصة صعوده والتي هي أيضا قصة صعود الصين. يقترب المؤلف من عالم \"جاك ما\" الحقيقي ويحكي قصته منذ نعومة أظفاره، حتى صار إمبراطور التجارة في العالم، إنها قصة صعود شخص وصعود دولة بحجم الصين، قصة ترفض أن يكون هناك مستحيل، وتثبت أن الأفكار هي رأس المال الأكبر في العالم، قصة الفضائي كما يجب أن يسميه الصينيون، الذي جعل حياتهم أفضل، قصة رجل حفر اسمه في تاريخ البشرية، والذي يفتح لنا بتجربته آفاقا أرحب نرى بها العالم ونرى بها أنفسنا بشكل مختلف.
Book
The crosstalk between ferroptosis and anti‐tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic controversy
The advent of immunotherapy has significantly reshaped the landscape of cancer treatment, greatly enhancing therapeutic outcomes for multiple types of cancer. However, only a small subset of individuals respond to it, underscoring the urgent need for new methods to improve its response rate. Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of programmed cell death, has emerged as a promising approach for anti‐tumor therapy, with targeting ferroptosis to kill tumors seen as a potentially effective strategy. Numerous studies suggest that inducing ferroptosis can synergistically enhance the effects of immunotherapy, paving the way for a promising combined treatment method in the future. Nevertheless, recent research has raised concerns about the potential negative impacts on anti‐tumor immunity as a consequence of inducing ferroptosis, leading to conflicting views within the scientific community about the interplay between ferroptosis and anti‐tumor immunity, thereby underscoring the necessity of a comprehensive review of the existing literature on this relationship. Previous reviews on ferroptosis have touched on related content, many focusing primarily on the promoting role of ferroptosis on anti‐tumor immunity while overlooking recent evidence on the inhibitory effects of ferroptosis on immunity. Others have concentrated solely on discussing related content either from the perspective of cancer cells and ferroptosis or from immune cells and ferroptosis. Given that both cancer cells and immune cells exist in the tumor microenvironment, a one‐sided discussion cannot comprehensively summarize this topic. Therefore, from the perspectives of both tumor cells and tumor‐infiltrating immune cells, we systematically summarize the current conflicting views on the interplay between ferroptosis and anti‐tumor immunity, intending to provide potential explanations and identify the work needed to establish a translational basis for combined ferroptosis‐targeted therapy and immunotherapy in treating tumors.
Journal Article
Observation of fractional edge excitations in nanographene spin chains
Fractionalization is a phenomenon in which strong interactions in a quantum system drive the emergence of excitations with quantum numbers that are absent in the building blocks. Outstanding examples are excitations with charge
e
/3 in the fractional quantum Hall effect
1
,
2
, solitons in one-dimensional conducting polymers
3
,
4
and Majorana states in topological superconductors
5
. Fractionalization is also predicted to manifest itself in low-dimensional quantum magnets, such as one-dimensional antiferromagnetic
S
= 1 chains. The fundamental features of this system are gapped excitations in the bulk
6
and, remarkably,
S
= 1/2 edge states at the chain termini
7
–
9
, leading to a four-fold degenerate ground state that reflects the underlying symmetry-protected topological order
10
,
11
. Here, we use on-surface synthesis
12
to fabricate one-dimensional spin chains that contain the
S
= 1 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon triangulene as the building block. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy at 4.5 K, we probe length-dependent magnetic excitations at the atomic scale in both open-ended and cyclic spin chains, and directly observe gapped spin excitations and fractional edge states therein. Exact diagonalization calculations provide conclusive evidence that the spin chains are described by the
S
= 1 bilinear-biquadratic Hamiltonian in the Haldane symmetry-protected topological phase. Our results open a bottom-up approach to study strongly correlated phases in purely organic materials, with the potential for the realization of measurement-based quantum computation
13
.
Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, fractional edge excitations are observed in nanographene spin chains, enabling the potential to study strongly correlated phases in purely organic materials.
Journal Article
Electroacupuncture pretreatment preserves telomerase reverse transcriptase function and alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by suppressing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in aged mice
Background Elderly patients often exhibit postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), a postsurgical decline in memory and executive function. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, both pathological characteristics of the aged brain, contribute to this decline. This study posits that electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation, an effective antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory modality, may enhance telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) function, the catalytic subunit of telomerase known for its protective properties against cellular senescence and oxidative damage, to alleviate POCD in aged mice. Methods The animal POCD model was created by subjecting aged mice to abdominal surgery, followed by EA pretreatment at the Baihui acupoint (GV20). Postoperative cognitive function was gauged using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Hippocampal TERT mRNA levels and telomerase activity were determined through qPCR and a Telomerase PCR ELISA kit, respectively. Oxidative stress was assessed through superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Iba‐1 immunostaining determined the quantity of hippocampal microglia. Additionally, western blotting assessed TERT, autophagy markers, and proinflammatory cytokines at the protein level. Results Abdominal surgery in aged mice significantly decreased telomerase activity and TERT mRNA and protein levels, but increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and decreased autophagy in the hippocampus. EA‐pretreated mice demonstrated improved postoperative cognitive performance, enhanced telomerase activity, increased TERT protein expression, improved TERT mitochondrial localization, and reduced oxidative damage, autophagy dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The neuroprotective benefits of EA pretreatment were diminished following TERT knockdown. Conclusions Our findings underscore the significance of TERT function preservation in alleviating surgery‐induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in aged mice. A novel neuroprotective mechanism of EA stimulation is highlighted, whereby modulation of TERT and telomerase activity reduces oxidative damage and neuroinflammation. Consequently, maintaining TERT function via EA treatment could serve as an effective strategy for managing POCD in elderly patients. Preserving telomerase reverse transcriptase function can alleviate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Electroacupuncture pretreatment is an effective strategy for maintaining postoperative hippocampal telomerase reverse transcriptase function.
Journal Article