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Development of sensitive and convenient alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection methods is of great significance for food analysis, biomedical applications, and clinical tests. In this work, a sensitive detection method for ALP was established based on nanochannel-modified electrodes, where the electrochemical luminescence (ECL) signal was quenched by the enzymatic reaction product. Vertically ordered mesoporous silica film (VMSF) was rapidly grown on low-cost ITO via the electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA) method. The resulting modified electrode (VMSF/ITO) exhibited a uniform and ordered nanochannel structure with nanochannel diameter of 2–3 nm and charge-selective permeability, enabling the enrichment of cationic ECL emitter tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+). Compared to the ITO electrode, VMSF/ITO increased the ECL signal by 60 times. In the presence of ALP, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of its substrate, disodium phenyl phosphate hydrate (DPP), generating phenol (Phe), which quenched the ECL signal of Ru(bpy)32+ and the co-reactant N,N-Dipropyl-1-propanamine (TPA). Based on this principle, ECL detection of ALP can be achieved. The linear detection range for ALP was 0.01 U/L to 30 U/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.008 U/L. The sensor exhibited high selectivity. Combined with the anti-contamination and anti-interference capabilities of VMSF, the constructed sensor enabled the detection of ALP levels in milk samples.

Highlights Flexible sensitive carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane (CNTs/PDMS) nanocomposite with novel double-side rough porous structure was proposed by simple manufacturing methods. Three-dimensional (3D) force tactile electronic skin sensor based on CNTs/PDMS nanocompositions exhibited high sensitivity, good consistency and fast response. A promising strategy for low-cost multi-functional detection in human body monitoring and intelligent robot grasping applications was provided. Flexible tactile sensors have broad applications in human physiological monitoring, robotic operation and human–machine interaction. However, the research of wearable and flexible tactile sensors with high sensitivity, wide sensing range and ability to detect three-dimensional (3D) force is still very challenging. Herein, a flexible tactile electronic skin sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites is presented for 3D contact force detection. The 3D forces were acquired from combination of four specially designed cells in a sensing element. Contributed from the double-sided rough porous structure and specific surface morphology of nanocomposites, the piezoresistive sensor possesses high sensitivity of 12.1 kPa −1 within the range of 600 Pa and 0.68 kPa −1 in the regime exceeding 1 kPa for normal pressure, as well as 59.9 N −1 in the scope of < 0.05 N and > 2.3 N −1 in the region of < 0.6 N for tangential force with ultra-low response time of 3.1 ms. In addition, multi-functional detection in human body monitoring was employed with single sensing cell and the sensor array was integrated into a robotic arm for objects grasping control, indicating the capacities in intelligent robot applications.

Photodetectors are critical components in a wide range of applications, from imaging and sensing to communications and environmental monitoring. Recent advancements in material science have led to the development of emerging photodetecting materials, such as perovskites, polymers, novel two-dimensional materials, and quantum dots, which offer unique optoelectronic properties and high tunability. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methodologies for these cutting-edge materials, highlighting their potential to enhance photodetection performance. Additionally, we explore the design and fabrication of photodetectors with novel structures and physics, emphasizing devices that achieve high figure-of-merit parameters, such as enhanced sensitivity, fast response times, and broad spectral detection. Finally, we discuss the demonstration of new applications enabled by these advanced photodetectors, including flexible and wearable devices, next-generation imaging systems, and environmental sensing technologies. Through this review, we aim to provide insights into the current trends and future directions in the field of photodetection, guiding further research and development in this rapidly evolving area.

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy was investigated by hot compression tests conducted in the temperature range 850–1150 °C and strain rate range 0.001–10 s −1 . Using the flow stress data corrected for deformation heating, the activation energy map, processing maps and Zener–Hollomon parameter map were developed to determine the optimum hot-working parameters and to investigate the effects of strain rate and temperature on microstructural evolution of this material. The results show that the safe region for hot deformation occurs in the strain rate range 0.001–0.1 s −1 over the entire temperature range investigated. In this region, the activation energy is ~240 ± 5 kJ/mol and the ln Z values vary in range of 13.9–21 s −1 . Stable flow is associated with dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. Also, flow instabilities are observed in the form of localized slip bands and flow localization at strain rates higher than 0.1 s −1 over a wide temperature range. The corresponding ln Z values are larger than 21 s −1 . The hot deformation characteristic of Ti-15-3 alloy predicted from the processing maps, activation energy map, and Zener–Hollomon parameter map agrees well with the results of microstructural observations.

Nano-engineered sensor systems represent a paradigm shift in disease diagnostics, offering unprecedented capabilities for precision medicine. This review methodically evaluates these advanced platforms, consolidating recent advancements across four critical clinical domains: diabetes monitoring, cancer detection, infectious disease diagnostics and cardiac/genetic health. We demonstrate how the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as graphene, quantum dots and plasmonic nanoparticles, are being harnessed to achieve remarkable gains in analytical sensitivity, selectivity and real-time monitoring. Specific breakthroughs include graphene-based sensors attaining clinically significant limits for continuous glucose monitoring, quantum dot bioconjugates enabling ultrasensitive imaging of cancer biomarkers and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) probes facilitating early tumor identification. Furthermore, nanosensors exhibit exceptional precision in detecting viral antigens and genetic mutations, underscoring their robust translational potential. Collectively, these developments signal a clear trajectory toward integrated, intelligent healthcare ecosystems. However, for these promising technologies to transition into accessible and cost-effective diagnostic solutions, persistent challenges in scalability, manufacturing reproducibility and long-term biocompatibility must be addressed through continued interdisciplinary innovation.

Nowadays, next-generation wireless communication networks are used to provide robust and accurate sensing capability, high-quality wireless connections using massive devices, and support high data transmission rates. Beamforming is used in Massive Multi-Input and Multi-Output (mMIMO) systems to effectively cancel the complex interference caused by the non-zero inner product among the transmitted and channel signal matrices. Various techniques are used to significantly maximize the energy efficiency and reduce the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) communication requirements. Meanwhile, these techniques did not maximize the sum-rate of all users by jointly optimizing the transmit beamformer. In this paper, a ResNeXt with Fractional Narwhal Lemming Optimization (ResFraNLO) is introduced for joint beamforming and power allocation in mMIMO systems. Here, the adaptive beamforming is performed using Least-Mean-Square (LMS) adaptive algorithm and the weights of LMS is adjusted optimally using Narwhal Lemming Optimization (NLO). After that, the power allocation is executed using the ResNeXt framework. Moreover, the performance of ResNeXt is improved by fine-tuning the weights and bias by Fractional Narwhal Lemming Optimization (FraNLO). Further, the supremacy of ResFraNLO is investigated, and the ResFraNLO attained achievable sum rate of 79.099 Mbps/Hz, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.34 × 10 -7 , and Bit Error Rate (BER) of 5.71 × 10 -9 .

Large‐sized lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) offer strong absorption in the infrared, making them suitable for bottom cells in tandem devices. However, current QD‐based tandem devices underperform compared to single junction devices. This review focuses on defect information and passivation strategies in large‐sized QD solar cells. Defects from oxidation, polydispersity, and nonbonding sites on the (001) facet during QD synthesis are examined. Ligand‐exchange‐related defects such as tangled atoms, incomplete passivation, and excess ligands are analyzed. Surface and interface defects resulting from solar cell fabrication are also discussed. Strategies including cation exchange, thermodynamic growth, kinetic growth, and mixed halide ligands are summarized. Post‐treatment approaches could also help to address surface and interface defects. Large‐sized PbS‐QDs show promise as infrared radiation absorbers. Overcoming defects and implementing effective passivation strategies are crucial for single junction and tandem solar cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as abnormal behavior and a progressive decline in memory. Although the pathogenesis of AD is due to the excessive deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) outside the neurons in the brain, evidence suggests that tau proteins may be a better target for AD therapy. In neurodegenerative diseases, a decrease in autophagy results in the failure to eliminate abnormally deposited or misfolded proteins. Therefore, induction of autophagy may be an effective way to eliminate tau proteins in the treatment of AD. We investigated the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ceramide nanomicelles on autophagy and on tau proteins in N2a, a murine neuroblastoma metrocyte cell line. Ceramide is a sphingolipid bioactive molecule that induces autophagy. PEG-ceramide is a polymer that is composed of the hydrophobic chain of ceramide and the hydrophilic chain of PEG-2000. In this study, we prepared PEG-ceramide nanomicelles that were 10-20 nm in size and had nearly neutral zeta potential. The results show that PEG-ceramide nanomicelles caused an increase in the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, while p62 protein levels decreased. Confocal microscopy revealed a significant increase in the number of dots corresponding to autophagosomes and autolysosomes, which indicated autophagic activation. Moreover, PEG-ceramide nanomicelles induced tau degradation in N2a cells through autophagy. In summary, we have confirmed that PEG-ceramide nanomicelles enhanced autophagic flux and degraded overexpressed human tau proteins in N2a cells by regulating the autophagy pathway. Thus, PEG-ceramide nanomicelles show great promise as agents to induce autophagy and degrade tau proteins in the treatment of AD.

In this work, a mini monitoring system integrated with a microfabricated metal oxide array sensor and a micro packed gas chromatographic (GC) column was developed for monitoring environmental gases. The microfabricated packed GC column with a 1.6 m length was used to separate the environmental gas, and the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) array sensor, fabricated with nano-sized SnO-SnO2 sensitive materials, was able to effectively detect each component separated by GC column. The results demonstrate that the monitoring system can detect environmental gas with high precision.

Certain models of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) systems require manually placing the appropriate bowtie filter according to the relevant imaging protocol. Inadvertently using a wrong bowtie filter or no bowtie filter could cause unexpected image artifacts. In this work, CBCT image artifact patterns caused by different bowtie filter placement were evaluated. CBCT images of CT phantoms, that is, a Body Norm phantom, a Catphan® phantom and an anthropomorphic RANDO® phantom, were acquired at a Varian Trilogy® unit with an On‐Board Imager® (OBI) system. Three image acquisition protocols were evaluated. For Standard Head protocol, half‐fan bowtie and no bowtie filter were studied for comparison with the correct full‐fan bowtie acquisition. For Pelvis and Low‐Dose Thorax protocols, full‐fan bowtie and no bowtie were studied for comparison with the correct half‐fan bowtie acquisition. In addition, the possibility of reversed direction half‐fan bowtie was also discussed. All possible scenarios of bowtie filter misplacement caused distinct artifacts regardless of protocols. These artifact patterns are different from the characteristic crescent artifact when correct bowtie filter was placed. Based on the artifact patterns described in this study we recommend reviewing image artifacts at time of image acquisition. If unexpected artifacts appear in the CBCT images, one should verify the correct placement of the bowtie filter and retake the image if necessary. However, it should also be stressed that using a wrong bowtie filter or forgetting to place the bowtie filter can cause increased patient dose. It is always a good practice to verify the bowtie filter placement before acquiring CBCT images for image‐guided radiotherapy.