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Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis. Prevalence varied greatly according to countries (from 4.1% in Netherlands to 52.0% in Turkey) and continents (from 8.0% in Oceania to 26.9% in Africa). Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, usually resulting in bone pain and an increased risk of fragility fracture, but few summarized studies have guided global strategies for the disease. Therefore, we pooled the epidemiologic data to estimate the global, regional prevalence, and potential risk factors of osteoporosis. We conducted a comprehensive literature search through PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, to identify population-based studies that reported the prevalence of osteoporosis based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. The study was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021285555). Of the 57,933 citations evaluated, 108 individual studies containing 343,704 subjects were included. The global prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 19.7% (95%CI, 18.0%–21.4%) and 40.4% (95%CI, 36.9%–43.8%). Prevalence varied greatly according to countries (from 4.1% in Netherlands to 52.0% in Turkey) and continents (from Oceania 8.0% to 26.9% in Africa). The prevalence was higher in developing countries (22.1%, 95%CI, 20.1%–24.1%) than in developed countries (14.5%, 95%CI, 11.5%–17.7%). Our study indicates a considerable prevalence of osteoporosis among the general population based on WHO criteria, and the prevalence varies substantially between countries and regions. Future studies with robust evidence are required to explore risk factors to provide effective preventive strategies for the disease.

The beam energy dependence of correlation lengths (the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss radii) is calculated by using a blast-wave model and the results are comparable with those from RHIC-STAR beam energy scan data as well as the LHC-ALICE measurements. A set of parameters for the blast-wave model as a function of beam energy under study are obtained by fit to the HBT radii at each energy point. The transverse momentum dependence of HBT radii is presented with the extracted parameters for Au+Au collision at sNN = 200 GeV and for Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV. From our study one can learn that particle emission duration cannot be ignored while calculating the HBT radii with the same parameters. And tuning kinetic freeze-out temperature in a range will result in system lifetime changing in the reverse direction as it is found in RHIC-STAR experiment measurements.

Many people with epilepsy need not experience further seizures if the diagnosis and treatment are correct. Most epilepsy patients have convulsions, which are usually fairly easy to diagnose. This study tested a model for treatment of people with convulsive forms of epilepsy at primary health-care level in rural areas of China. Patients with convulsive epilepsy were identified at primary care level and provided with phenobarbital monotherapy. Local physicians, who were provided with special training, carried out screening, treatment, and follow-up. A local neurologist confirmed the diagnoses. Efficacy was assessed from the percentage reduction in seizure frequency from baseline and the retention of patients on treatment. The study enrolled 2455 patients. In 68% of patients who completed 12 months' treatment, seizure frequency was decreased by at least 50%, and a third of patients were seizure free. 72% of patients who completed 24 months' treatment had reduction of seizure frequency of at least 50% and a quarter of patients remained seizure free. Probability of retention was 0·84 at 1 year, and 0·76 at 2 years. Medication was well tolerated and reported adverse events were mild; only 32 patients (1%) discontinued medication because of side-effects. This pragmatic study confirmed that this simple protocol was suitable for the treatment of convulsive forms of epilepsy in rural areas of China. Physicians with basic training could treat epilepsy patients with phenobarbital, with beneficial effects for most patients with convulsive seizures. Few cognitive or behavioural adverse events were noted, but formal psychometric testing was not done.

We perform simulation study for a 10-kg 100Mo-based bolometeric demonstration experiment for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) search at China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL). Cosmogenic production of radionuclides in 100Mo-enriched lithium molybdate crystals and copper components of the detector system are studied using Geant4 toolkit based on the simulated cosmic ray data from the CRY library. Background energy spectra of the cosmogenic radionuclides including 56Co, 82Rb and 88Y which are harmful for the 100Mo-based 0νββ experiment are investigated. We then evaluate the total cosmogenic background level in the 100Mo 0νββ search energy region of interest (ROI) for the demonstration experiment. After one year of cooling down underground, the residual background contribution is found to be 1.8 × 10-6 cts/kg/keV/yr and 3.3×10-4 cts/kg/keV/yr from crystals and copper components, respectively. Furthermore, underground cosmogenic activation of copper and lithium molybdate crystal is calculated based on the simulation spectra of neutron and proton in CJPL. The underground cosmogenic background is found to be negligible in the ROI.

6 He, known as a Borromean nucleus with a 2 n -halo structure, and its mirror partner 6 Be, the lightest 2 p emitter, provide an excellent framework for exploring soft dipole resonance and nuclear structure. Despite previous studies on these nuclei, the potential presence of soft dipole resonance ( J π = 1 - ) had rarely been predicted before. In this work, we will investigate the presence of 1 - resonance states in the complex energy plane, focusing on how the soft dipole resonance impacts the E 1 transitions/response. Using the Gamow coupled-channel method for three-body calculations, we analyze the structures and soft dipole resonance of 6 He and 6 Be mirror systems, further exploring the E 1 transition strengths of 6 He through Green’s function method. The results show that the structural properties of 6 He and 6 Be show similar behavior. Notably, there are significant di-nucleon correlations in the 0 + ground-state of both nuclei. Additionally, we observed a significant enhancement in E 1 transition strengths at the energy corresponding to the 1 - state. This indicates the presence of relative motion between the valence nucleons and the core.

In this study, a multistage simulation-based optimization model is developed for supporting water resources management under uncertainty. The system couples a lumped rainfall-runoff model with an inexact multistage stochastic program, where its random parameter is provided by the statistical analysis of simulation outcomes. Moreover, penalties are exercised with recourse against any infeasibility, which permits in-depth analyses of various policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of economic consequences when the promised water-allocation targets are violated. The developed model can also reflect dynamic features of the system conditions through transactions at discrete points in time over a multistage context. The developed model is applied to a real case of planning water resources management in Tarim River Basin, which is one of the most serious water-shortage regions of China. A variety of policies associated with different water-allocation targets are analyzed. The results are helpful for decision makers identifying optimal water-allocation plans for mitigating the conflict among ecological protection, economic development, and regional sustainability.

The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutrino-less double beta decay (0νββ) in the isotope 130Te. In this work we present the latest results on two searches for the double beta decay (DBD) of 130Te to the first 02+ excited state of 130Xe: the 0νββ decay and the Standard Model-allowed two-neutrinos double beta decay (2νββ). Both searches are based on a 372.5 kg×yr TeO2 exposure. The de-excitation gamma rays emitted by the excited Xe nucleus in the final state yield a unique signature, which can be searched for with low background by studying coincident events in two or more bolometers. The closely packed arrangement of the CUORE crystals constitutes a significant advantage in this regard. The median limit setting sensitivities at 90% Credible Interval (C.I.) of the given searches were estimated as S1/20ν=5.6×1024yr for the 0νββ decay and S1/22ν=2.1×1024yr for the 2νββ decay. No significant evidence for either of the decay modes was observed and a Bayesian lower bound at 90% C.I. on the decay half lives is obtained as: (T1/2)02+0ν>5.9×1024yr for the 0νββ mode and (T1/2)02+2ν>1.3×1024yr for the 2νββ mode. These represent the most stringent limits on the DBD of 130Te to excited states and improve by a factor ∼5 the previous results on this process.

The cryogenic underground observatory for rare events (CUORE) is a cryogenic experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay ( 0 ν β β ) of 130 Te . The detector consists of an array of 988 TeO 2 crystals arranged in a compact cylindrical structure of 19 towers. We report the CUORE initial operations and optimization campaigns. We then present the CUORE results on 0 ν β β and 2 ν β β decay of 130 Te obtained from the analysis of the physics data acquired in 2017.

This paper proposes a new type of hybrid leg mechanism based on a five-bar mechanism. The single leg has three degrees of freedom. The positive and negative solutions of the leg mechanism are analyzed theoretically and solved with MATLAB. The gait planning choose diagonal gait. ADAMS is used to verify the centroid displacement and foot displacement of each leg of the gait planning. This model is proposed based on series-parallel mechanism. The mechanism not only increases the movement space and improves the carrying capacity, but also has the advantages of simple control and flexible movement. This research lays a theoretical foundation for later experiments.