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A key part of CNC machine tools is the rolling bearing, and thus, it is vital to employ a data-driven approach for fault diagnosis. This paper proposes a two-stage fusion sparse learning algorithm for fault data processing that can identify and diagnose the fault types of rolling bearings based on sensor measurement data. During the feature extraction phase, temporal features of sequential data within the big data are extracted using a Long Short - Term Memory (LSTM) network. Moreover, the classification learning stage contains a new sparse learning algorithm, which applies L 1 / 2 regularization on stochastic configuration networks (SCN). The iterative learning formula combines the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with the analysis of the quadratic equations theory. Simultaneously, the model’s inequality supervision mechanism is updated based on convergence analysis. This developed algorithm incorporates the benefits of LSTM in extracting temporal data characteristics, along with the sparsity, ease of convergence, and lightweight nature of SCN. Consequently, it mitigates the shortcomings of deep models in end-to-end applications, particularly in terms of interpretability and structural redundancy, thus making it suitable for deployment on edge devices. Finally, a fusion sparse learning model (LSTM- L 1 / 2 -SCN) is introduced based on the two-stage learning algorithm for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. In the experiments on the benchmark dataset, the optimal sparsity degree of this algorithm for the Sparse Coding Network (SCN) reached 76.66%, which was 30% higher than that of the Pooling-based Sparse Coding Network (PSCN). Moreover, in the experiments based on the dataset of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), the optimal test classification accuracy achieved was 97.51%, and the optimal sparsity degree for SCN reached 29.39%. These results verify that the proposed algorithm exhibits sparsity, demonstrates effectiveness, and is capable of identifying faults in rolling bearings.

Capacitors exhibit exceptional power density, a vast operational temperature range, remarkable reliability, lightweight construction, and high efficiency, making them extensively utilized in the realm of energy storage. There exist two primary categories of energy storage capacitors: dielectric capacitors and supercapacitors. Dielectric capacitors encompass film capacitors, ceramic dielectric capacitors, and electrolytic capacitors, whereas supercapacitors can be further categorized into double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. These capacitors exhibit diverse operational principles and performance characteristics, subsequently dictating their specific application scenarios. To make informed decisions in selecting capacitors for practical applications, a comprehensive knowledge of their structure and operational principles is imperative. Consequently, this review delved into the structure, working principles, and unique characteristics of the aforementioned capacitors, aiming to clarify the distinctions between dielectric capacitors, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion capacitors.

REBa2Cu3O7−δ (REBCO) coated conductors are considered a critical material for next-generation high-field superconducting applications owing to their superior superconducting performance at elevated temperatures and under strong magnetic fields. However, rapid degradation of the critical current density (Jc) under high-field and high-temperature conditions remains a major limitation for their practical applications. To address this, controlling flux pinning centers has emerged as a crucial strategy to enhance performance. Irradiation techniques, as one of the most commonly employed methods, have attracted considerable attention due to their capability to provide precise control, high reproducibility, and flexibility in tailoring the microstructure. In this review, we focus on the effects of proton, heavy-ion, and neutron irradiation on the microstructure and superconducting properties of REBCO coated conductors. We discuss the underlying mechanisms in terms of defect types and distributions, energy loss processes, flux pinning enhancement, and the evolution of Jc and transition temperature (Tc). Furthermore, we compare different irradiation methods, highlighting their advantages and suitability across diverse temperature and magnetic field conditions. The potential of hybrid irradiation strategies for creating multiscale composite pinning landscapes is also examined. Future efforts should aim to synergistically combine different irradiation mechanisms and optimize defect structures to develop REBCO tapes with highly isotropic and stable flux pinning, which is essential for large-scale applications in fusion energy, high-field magnets, and aerospace electric motors.

This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718, a nickel-based alloy, reinforced with ceramic phases via additive manufacturing. Two reinforcement strategies were explored: in situ formation of ceramic phases through titanium powder addition, and direct incorporation of Cr2O3 and TiO2 ceramic particles. Both approaches significantly modified the alloy’s microstructure and elemental distribution. The in situ formation method produced leaf-like Ti-rich precipitates (up to 70.13 wt%), while direct ceramic addition suppressed the preferred orientation of the Laves phase and promoted the formation of NbC precipitates. Microhardness increased by 19.4% with titanium addition, compared to a modest 1.3% improvement with direct ceramic addition. Tensile testing revealed that titanium powder enhanced ultimate tensile strength but reduced elongation, whereas direct ceramic addition led to decreases in both strength and ductility. Wear resistance evaluation showed that direct ceramic addition yielded superior performance, evidenced by the lowest friction coefficient (0.514) and smallest wear volume (16,290,782 μm3). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of ceramic reinforcement strategies in optimizing the mechanical and tribological behavior of additively manufactured Inconel 718, and offer valuable guidance for the development of wear-resistant components such as those used in hydraulic support systems.

Electrochemical energy storage devices commonly face a trade-off between specific energy and power capability. Black phosphorus offers a high theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g −1 , but its practical application is limited by slow reaction kinetics during multiphase phosphorus redox processes. These sluggish transformations, involving bond rearrangement and soluble intermediates, hinder fast charging and compromise cycling stability. Here we show that introducing phosphorus–nitrogen bonds into a black phosphorus/carbon composite regulates the reaction pathway and accelerates charge transport. The engineered bonding environment modifies the electronic structure of black phosphorus and lowers lithium-ion diffusion barriers, enabling faster lithiation and delithiation. Meanwhile, nitrogen sites in the carbon matrix confine lithium–phosphorus intermediates, reducing their migration and improving structural stability. This combined effect enhances both rate capability and reversibility. When coupled with lithium iron phosphate in a pouch cell, the composite negative electrode delivers a specific energy of 282 Wh kg −1 and retains 80% of its capacity after 10 min of charging at high specific current. The device also maintains stable operation over thousands of cycles, demonstrating improved durability under fast charging conditions. Fast-charging black phosphorus electrodes are limited by slow multiphase redox reactions. Here, authors engineer P–N bonds in the phosphorus bulk to accelerate lithium insertion and boost performance. Pouch cells can hit 80% charge in 10 min, delivering 282 Wh/kg and lasting over 3,400 cycles.

Developing new pristine metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors is a considerable attractive task. Herein, a Cu4 cluster-based three-dimensional (3D) MOF ([Cu4(μ3-OH)2(atrz)2(1,3-BDC)3]·2H2O, Cu-atrz-BDC; atrz, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole; 1,3-H2BDC, 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) was synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Cu-atrz-BDC firstly was used as an electrode material for supercapacitor. In a three-electrode system, the Cu-atrz-BDC electrode exhibited ultrahigh specific capacitance of 5525 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and its specific capacitance can also keep about 886 F g−1 after 1000 cycles at 3 A g−1. Importantly, the Cu-atrz-BDC as the positive electrode and the rGO as the negative electrode were assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor with excellent cycling stability, displaying the maximum energy density of 9.96 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.81 kW kg−1. The high supercapacitive performance might be ascribed to its porous three-dimensional structure, the nanosized particles, and better conductivity.

Mulching is widely adopted in pear orchards to improve soil quality and fruit production, yet its effects on rhizosphere microbial communities and the mechanisms linking soil-microbe interactions to pear yield and quality remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted in a pear orchard located in the arid region of Northwest China. Three treatments were applied: no mulching (CK), plastic film mulching (FM), and straw mulching (SM). Soil physicochemical properties were analyzed, and rhizosphere microbial community characteristics were assessed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS. Network analysis and multivariate statistical approaches were employed to explore microbial community structure, ecological modules, and their relationships with soil properties and fruit traits. Both FM and SM significantly improved pear yield and fruit quality compared with CK. Principal coordinate analysis showed that mulching significantly altered soil microbial community structure. Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria dominated the bacterial community, while Ascomycota was the predominant fungal phylum. FM increased the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria and reduced Gram-positive groups. Network analysis indicated that FM enhanced ecological modules enriched in indicator species positively correlated with yield and sugar/acid ratio. Soil moisture, nutrient content, and organic matter were identified as major drivers of yield and fruit quality. These findings demonstrate that mulching improves pear yield and quality by modifying soil properties and rhizosphere microbial networks. Plastic film mulching was more effective than straw mulching, further enhancing fruit production by improving soil nutrient content, moisture, and microbial community composition, including the recruitment of functional microbes.

Lithium-ion capacitors are envisaged as promising energy-storage devices to simultaneously achieve a large energy density and high-power output at quick charge and discharge rates. However, the mismatched kinetics between capacitive cathodes and faradaic anodes still hinder their practical application for high-power purposes. To tackle this problem, the electron and ion transport of both electrodes should be substantially improved by targeted structural design and controllable chemical doping. Herein, nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks are prepared via a large-scale and ultrafast magnesiothermic combustion synthesis using CO2 and melamine as precursors, which exhibit a crosslinked porous structure, abundant functional groups and high electrical conductivity (10524 S m−1). The material essentially delivers upgraded kinetics due to enhanced ion diffusion and electron transport. Excellent capacities of 1361 mA h g−1 and 827 mA h g−1 can be achieved at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 3 A g−1, respectively, demonstrating its outstanding lithium storage performance at both low and high rates. Moreover, the lithium-ion capacitor based on these nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks displays a high energy density of 151 Wh kg−1, and still retains 86 Wh kg−1 even at an ultrahigh power output of 49 kW kg−1. This study reveals an effective pathway to achieve synergistic kinetics in carbon electrode materials for achieving high-power lithium-ion capacitors.A large-scale and ultrafast combustion synthesis using CO2 as feedstock is demonstrated for the fabrication of nitrogen-enriched graphene frameworks (NGF) with high electrical conductivity, which delivers an upgraded kinetics due to the enhanced ion diffusion and electron transport. Lithium-ion capacitors based on NGF as both cathode and anode exhibit a high gravimetric energy density of 151 Wh kg−1 and power output of 49 kW kg−1. This study reveals an effective pathway to achieve synergistic kinetics in electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage.

Rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) high-temperature superconductors, owing to their ability to maintain high critical current density (Jc) under liquid-nitrogen-temperature and high-magnetic-field conditions, are widely regarded as one of the most promising material systems among all superconductors. This review systematically summarizes fabrication strategies for REBCO coated conductors, with a focus on pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for achieving high-quality epitaxial growth with precise composition control. To enhance in-field performance, strategies for introducing artificial pinning centers (APCs) are examined, including rare-earth element doping, substrate surface decoration, and nanoscale secondary phase incorporation. The mechanisms of vortex pinning from different dimensional defects and their synergistic effects are compared. Finally, we suggest potential future directions aimed at further enhancing the superconducting properties.

It’s been long known that the application of organic fertilizer (OF) and bio-organic fertilizer (BF) which containing beneficial microorganisms to pear trees can both significantly improve fruit quality and yield. In order to reveal the mechanism of BF and OF regulating fruit growth and quality in pear, the effects of BF and OF on the photosynthetic characteristics and the accumulation of major sugars and organic acids of the pear fruit were quantified compared with chemical fertilizer (CF). Additionally, the molecular mechanisms regulating pear fruit development and quality were studied through transcriptome analysis. The three treatments were conducted based on the same amounts of nitrogen supply. The results showed that compared with CF, BF and OF treatments increased the fruit yield, and also significantly improved the photosynthesis efficiency in pear. BF and OF both significantly increased the sucrose content but significantly decreased the fructose and glucose content within the pear fruit. The amount of malic acid was significantly higher in OF treatment. Compared with CF and OF, BF significantly increased the sugar-acid ratio and thus improved the fruit quality. Transcriptome analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the sugar metabolism of fruits applied with the BF was enhanced compared with those applied with CF or OF. More specifically, the expression of SDH (Sorbitol dehydrogenase) was higher in BF, which converts sorbitol into fructose. For both of the OF and BF, the transcript abundance of sugar transporter genes was significantly increased, such as SOT (Sorbitol transporter) , SUT14 (Sugar transport 14) , UDP-GLUT4 (UDP-glucose transporter 4) , UDP-SUT (UDP-sugar transporter), SUC4 (Sucrose transport 4), SUT7 (Sugar transporter 7), SWEET10 and SWEET15 (Bidirectional sugar transporter) , which ensures sugar transportation. The genes involved in organic acid metabolism showed decreased transcripts abundance in both BF and OF treatments, such as VAP (Vesicle-associated protein) and cyACO (Cytosolic aconitase) , which reduce the conversion from succinate to citric acid, and decrease the conversion from citric acid to malic acid in the TCA cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid cycle) through Pept6 (Oligopeptide transporter). In conclusion, the application of BF and OF improved fruit quality by regulating the expression of sugar and organic acid metabolism-related genes and thus altering the sugar acid metabolism. Both BF and OF promote sucrose accumulation and citric acid degradation in fruits, which may be an important reason for improving pear fruit quality. The possible mechanism of bio-organic fertilizer to improve fruit quality was discussed.