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Gas turbine propulsion systems
\"'Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems in Aerospace & Defense' pulls together all of the systems and subsystems associated with gas turbine engines in aircraft and marine warship applications. The subject of engine (fuel) control has undergone major changes in the past 20 years due to the advent of the digital electronic control technology and therefore existing books on the subject are typically out of date with current methods. 'Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems in Aerospace & Defense' discusses the latest technologies in this area; including marine propulsion which is an emerging application area for the technology that involves some interesting modifications to aviation technologies. This book also fits well into the systems engineering focus of the Aerospace Series. Includes chapters on aircraft engine systems functional overview, marine propulsion systems, fuel control and power management systems, engine lubrication and scavenging systems, nacelle and ancillary systems, engine certification, unique engine systems and future developments in gas turbine propulsion systems Includes case studies of specific engines Includes applications within marine defence Accompanied by a book companion website featuring full colour images \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems
DescriptionGas Turbine Propulsion Systems in Aerospace & Defense pulls together all of the systems and subsystems associated with gas turbine engines in aircraft and marine warship applications. The subject of engine (fuel) control has undergone major changes in the past 20 years due to the advent of the digital electronic control technology and therefore existing books on the subject are typically out of date with current methods. Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems in Aerospace & Defense discusses the latest technologies in this area, including marine propulsion which is an emerging application area for the technology that involves some interesting modifications to aviation technologies. The book includes chapters on aircraft engine systems functional overview, marine propulsion systems, fuel control and power management systems, engine lubrication and scavenging systems, nacelle and ancillary systems, engine certification, unique engine systems and future developments in gas turbine propulsion systems. The book includes case studies of specific engines; applications within marine defense; and a companion website featuring full color images.
eBook
Gas Generator Fuel Control Systems
Control of fuel flow to the core gas generator section of the engine is examined including the establishment of non‐dimensional control modes for acceleration, limiting, deceleration limiting and exceedance protection.
Speed governor response and stability analyses are presented in detail using root locus methods for optimizing governor gain settings.
Implementation of fuel control modes and fuel pumping and metering concepts are described using specific examples that have been employed in the control of aircraft gas turbines over the past 50 years.
Both hydro‐mechanical and electronic control designs are presented culminating in the modern FADEC.
The concept of error budgets is presented as an aid to the prospective fuel control system designer and, finally, qualification and certification considerations are discussed from an installation and environmental perspective.
Book Chapter
Prognostics and Health Monitoring Systems
Addressed is the importance of prognostics and health monitoring to the cost of operations where a few percent degradation in operating efficiency can have a major impact. The high stress levels typical of the gas turbine imply relatively small margins of safety with potentially catastrophic consequences.
Operations and maintenance techniques employ utilization profiles to optimize shop visit rates and minimize the exposure to unscheduled events as a result of such things as low cycle fatigue, thermally induced damage, blade erosion and/or Foreign Object Damage (FOD).
The concepts of Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) and Mean Delay Time (MDT) are examined in detail together with the Failure Modes, Effects and Critically Analysis (FMECA) which is a key design tool for the establishment of specific maintenance regimens.
The effects of power level and power cycling on life consumption as a design parameter are explored. Failure mode analysis, fault diagnosis and the diagnostic algorithm are discussed relative to operations and maintenance support.
The availability of the on‐board microprocessor‐base data collection device, particularly on more recent applications has lead to the move towards condition‐based operations and maintenance. This facility allows real time data transmission via the Aircraft Communication and Reporting System (ACARS) from the aircraft to the operator's maintenance center.
Book Chapter
Lubrication Systems
The basic principles of lubrication, friction and wear are examined for simple journal and rolling‐element bearings where it is recognized that bearing failures will ultimately occur as a result of surface damage and fatigue even in ideal circumstances.
The concept of Elasto‐Hydro‐Dynamics (EHD) as an operating region is described as a means of optimizing the bearing lubrication and thermal properties of a design. This leads logically to a recognition of the importance of lubricant viscosity and its effect on the lubrication efficiency.
The major attributes of both mineral and synthetic lubrication oils are described including viscosity, oxidation (coking) and foam‐ability.
The lubrication system typical of the modern gas turbine engine is described where high pressure oil is supplied to the main engine bearing sumps and accessory gearbox. The oil scavenged from the sumps is then cooled and de‐aerated before being re‐pressurized and filtered prior to returning to the engine bearings.
System design considerations are discussed including monitoring of key parameters such as temperature pressure and filter delta‐P.
Oil debris capture via chip detectors is described together with the more advanced inductive debris monitoring technology which can detect both ferrous and non‐ferrous particles in the oil and distinguish between particle sizes.
Finally comments on the challenges of ceramic bearing technology are presented.
Book Chapter
Basic Gas Turbine Operation
The operating characteristics of the gas turbine are described beginning with the basic thermodynamic cycle and developing typical stage temperatures and pressure throughout the gas path of the engine.
The performance characteristics of the primary elements of the engine including compressor, combustor, turbine and exhaust nozzle are developed using non‐dimensional variable techniques.
The concept of compressor stall is explained together with the design techniques used to improve engine controllability during transients including interstage bleeds and variable stator vanes.
Finally the principle of afterburning is described including a typical arrangement of fuel manifold and flame holders within the exhaust nozzle.
Book Chapter
Engine Inlet, Exhaust, and Nacelle Systems
Air inlet designs from simple pitot‐type subsonic designs to complex, controllable supersonic applications are addressed in depth including a description of the Concorde air inlet control system, which, albeit an old design, still represents the most efficient supersonic air inlet system to enter service.
Exhaust system coverage includes thrust reversing concepts from the clam‐shell diverter used on many of the early low by‐pass turbofans to the fan stream diverter designs of the high by‐pass engines.
Thrust vectoring is also addressed including the unique Rolls‐Royce Pegasus which powers the Royal Navy Harrier and Boeing AV‐8B STOVL aircraft.
The STOVL version of the new joint strike fighter is covered briefly together with an overview of the thrust vectoring F‐119 engine which powers the US Air Force F‐22 Raptor aircraft.
A brief overview of nacelle cowl anti‐icing systems is also included in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Appendix C: Thermodynamic Modeling of Gas Turbines
This appendix contains sections titled:
Linear Small‐perturbation Modeling
Full‐range Model: Extended Linear Approach
Component‐based Thermodynamic Models
References
Book Chapter
Marine Propulsion Systems
The application of the aero‐derivative gas turbine to warship propulsion is described in detail.
Comparisons of the different roles of the warship and aircraft are made to better understand the marine propulsion system solutions and methods of operation and control.
The demanding marine environment is discussed including the effects and mitigation of salt spray, green water exposure, inlet and exhaust location relative the engine installation and the need for infrared suppression.
Accommodation of the wide range of operational requirements has lead to complex machinery arrangements with boost and cruise engines operating separately or in combination together with a Controllable Reversible Propeller (CRP).
Ancillary systems are described including blow‐down starting and engine washing systems, fuel supply and purification systems.
The importance of modeling of the ship and its propulsion machinery as an essential tool for understanding and optimizing the various control modes and machinery combinations is emphasized. A typical control strategy is presented wherein powerplant selection to match ship requirements is automated as well as the scheduling of throttle and propeller pitch to meet immediate ship speed demands during various maneuvers.
Book Chapter