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This volume gives an interdisciplinary discussion on the topological aspects of general networks and critical systems for physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, medical scientists, social scientists, and other related researchers. Subjects as diverse as the general properties of complex networks, complexity in social science, patterns in biological objects, and criticality in pure and applied physics are represented. The book is essential for researchers in a wide range of scientific and technological fields related to these areas.Sample Chapter(s)Chapter 1: Physics of Network Security (332 KB)Contents:General Properties of Networks:Physics of Network Security (Y-C Lai et al.)Multi-State Interacting Particle Systems on Scale-Free Networks (N Masuda N Konno)Homotopy Reduction of Complex Networks (Y Hiraoka T Ichinomiya)Complexity in Social Science:Innovation and Development in a Random Lattice (J Lahtinen)Long-Tailed Distributions in Biological Systems: Revisit to Lognormals (N Kobayashi et al.)Power Law Distributions in Two Community Currencies (N Kichiji M Nishibe)Patterns in Biological Objects:Collective Movement and Morphogenesis of Epithelial Cells (H Haga K Kawabata)Indecisive Behavior of Amoeba Crossing an Environmental Barrier (S Takagi et al.)Topological Analysis of Placental Arteries: Correlation with Neonatal Growth (H Yamada K Yakubo)Criticality in Pure and Applied Physics:Droplets in Disordered Metallic Quantum Critical Systems (A H Castro Neto B A Jones)Importance of Static Disorder and Inhomogeneous Cooperative Dynamics in Heavy-Fermion Metals (O O Bernal)Competition between Spin Glass and Antiferromagnetic Phases in Heavy Fermion Materials (S Süllow)and other papersReadership: Researchers in physics, biology, medicine and economics.

This volume gives an interdisciplinary discussion on the topological aspects of general networks and critical systems for physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, medical scientists, social scientists, and other related researchers. Subjects as diverse as the general properties of complex networks, complexity in social science, patterns in biological objects, and criticality in pure and applied physics are represented. The book is essential for researchers in a wide range of scientific and technological fields related to these areas.

This essay showï½\" the formation of the ethical-norms analytically by modeling them with a Bayesian game played by bounded-rational players. They are bounded-rational in the sense that they have limited memory. The players' limited memory makes them forget other choices they had and think their relatively successful choice a convention. Deviation from it causes payoff decrease, thus, creates an incentive to penalize the deviator. Finally, reinforcement mechanism of repeating penalty makes the socially beneficial but personally costly convention an ethical norm.

This dissertation attempts to provide answers to the following questions: (1) How can we explain the influence of the elite bureaucrats in the Japanese policymaking process? (2) Can consumer-voters influence the Japanese policymaking process in any way? In order to answer these questions, this dissertation develops the three models which show how the bureaucrats influence the process. The Japanese policymaking process is divided into four stages: proposal making, legislation, implementation, and election. The bureaucrats in Japan play important roles in the proposal making and the implementation stages. These models demonstrate theoretically (a) how consumer-voters influence the ministry's (bureaucrats') policy choices if the governing party (politicians) has veto power over the ministry's policy proposal, (b) how the ministry makes a proposal that leads to the likely governing party's loss in the election, and (c) how the ministry indirectly influences the governing party's policy choice by changing its effort level.

This volume gives an interdisciplinary discussion on the topological aspects of general networks and critical systems for physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, medical scientists, social scientists, and other related researchers. Subjects as diverse as the general properties of complex networks, complexity in social science, patterns in biological objects, and criticality in pure and applied physics are represented. The book is essential for researchers in a wide range of scientific and technological fields related to these areas.

Study Design Retrospective multicenter study. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the prognosis of elderly patients with injuries related to cervical diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (cDISH) to matched control for each group, with and without fractures. Methods The current multicenter study was a retrospective analysis of 140 patients aged 65 years or older with cDISH-related cervical spine injuries; 106 fractures and 34 spinal cord injuries without fracture were identified. Propensity score–matched cohorts from 1363 patients without cDISH were generated and compared. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk of early mortality for patients with cDISH-related injury. Results Patients with cDISH-related injuries with fracture did not differ significantly in the incidence of each complication and ambulation or severity of paralysis compared to matched controls. In patients with cDISH-related injury without fracture, those who were nonambulatory at discharge comprised 55% vs 34% of controls, indicating significantly poorer ambulation in those with cDISH-related injuries (P = .023). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications and ambulation or paralysis severity at 6 months as compared with controls. Fourteen patients died within 3 months. Logistic regression analysis identified complete paralysis (odds ratio [OR] 36.99) and age (OR 1.24) as significant risk factors for mortality. Conclusions The current study showed no significant differences in the incidence of complications, ambulation outcomes between patients with cDISH-related injury with fracture and matched controls, and that the ambulation at discharge for patients with cDISH-related injury without fractures were significantly inferior to those of matched controls.

Study Design Retrospective multicenter study Objectives To investigate changes over a 10-years period in the profile of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries among the elderly in Japan. Methods The current multicenter study was a retrospective analysis of inpatients aged ≥65 years, suffering cervical fracture (CF) and/or cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). We analyzed 1413 patients’ epidemiology (from 2010 to 2019). Moreover, 727 patients who underwent surgical treatment were analyzed in 2 groups: the early (2010-2014) and late period (2015-2019). Results Both the number of patients and number of surgical patients showed a significant increasing trend (P < .001), while the mean age, the distribution of injury levels and paralysis severity, and the proportion of surgical indications remained the same. The number of surgical patients doubled from 228 to 499 from the early to late periods. Posterior surgery was the most common approach (90.4%), instrumentation surgery with screws increased significantly, and the range of fusion was significantly longer in the late period (2.1 vs 2.7 levels, P = .001). Significantly worsening neurological symptoms were recorded in the late period (1.3% vs 5.8%, P = .006), with C5 palsy being the major one. Otherwise, perioperative, major, and other complications, including mortality, did not differ significantly in incidence. Conclusions Both the number of elderly CF and/or CSCI patients and number of patients undergoing surgery increased dramatically over the decade without any change in profile. Instrumentation surgeries with screws increased, without an increase in systemic complications.