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The main objective of the multi-site Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) study was to create a large repository of standardized measurements of behavioral and imaging phenotypes accompanied by whole genome genotyping acquired from typically-developing children varying widely in age (3 to 20years). This cross-sectional study produced sharable data from 1493 children, and these data have been described in several publications focusing on brain and cognitive development. Researchers may gain access to these data by applying for an account on the PING portal and filing a data use agreement. Here we describe the recruiting and screening of the children and give a brief overview of the assessments performed, the imaging methods applied, the genetic data produced, and the numbers of cases for whom different data types are available. We also cite sources of more detailed information about the methods and data. Finally we describe the procedures for accessing the data and for using the PING data exploration portal. •We provide a brief description of the Pediatric Imaging Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) Study.•We describe the data in the PING Data Repository.•We outline the methods used to generate the data.•We describe the procedure for accessing and exploring the data through the PING Portal.

Children with higher frustration reactivity are at elevated risk for developing externalizing problems. Prior research has also indicated that certain parenting factors (e.g., hostility, rejection), are associated with risk for child psychopathology while others (e.g., warmth, responsiveness), are associated with positive child outcomes. Responsiveness (i.e., prompt, appropriate response to children’s bids/distress) is a feature of authoritative parenting that has been linked to the development of adaptive skills in children. The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of child frustration reactivity (FR) and parental responsiveness (PR) on risk for increase in externalizing symptoms (ES) in a longitudinal design. A sample of 106 boys and 137 girls was assessed at five years of age for ES, FR and PR. They were again assessed at ten years of age for ES. It was hypothesized that higher FR at age five would predict an increase in ES at age ten, and higher PR at age five would be associated a decrease ES at age ten. Further, it was hypothesized that PR would moderate the relation between FR and later ES such that higher PR would mitigate this relation for children higher in FR. As hypothesized, there was a significant main effect found between early PR and later ES. When early ES was included as a covariate there was also a significant main effect between early FR and later ES. Contrary to hypotheses, there was no moderation effect of PR found. However, exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction effect of PR and FR predicting concurrent ES at age 5. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

This thesis examines the ideal of the Anglo-Saxon and Irish ciuitas, c. 500-1050, by considering what Anglo-Saxon and Irish ecclesiastics understood a ciuitas to be, how they used the term in their own writings and what terms were its vernacular equivalent. When looking at early Insular history, there can be no doubt that the locations that were called ciuitates by Anglo-Saxon and Irish ecclesiastics are some of the most important sites in forming a better understanding of the time period. Ciuitates like Armagh, Canterbury, Clonmacnoise, Iona, Kildare, London and Winchester were settlements that attracted large numbers of people, as well as being centres of both secular and religious power. These ecclesiastical centres had a diversity of individuals within their boundaries, from the ecclesiastics of the sacred centre to monastic tenants and various types of visitors. The importance of Anglo-Saxon and Irish ciuitates cannot only be seen in the frequency of the term's use in primary sources, but also in the great extent to which these sites are mentioned in secondary sources on the time period. Although these communities are often used by scholars to prove or disprove different points of history, the term ciuitas has not been examined in a study devoted to the subject. This thesis has been divided into three chapters. Chapter one considers biblical inspiration in the ideal of the ciuitas, chapter two analyzes the Anglo-Saxon ciuitas and word usage, while chapter three reviews the Irish ciuitas and word use. By the end of this study it will become clear what Anglo-Saxon and Irish ecclesiastics thought a ciuitas to be, as well as the different definitions they understood to apply to these sites.

Available research on hoarding is limited, but even more so for older adults. The consequences of hoarding, coupled with age-related physical and cognitive decline, may affectfunctional abilities and complicate intervention (Ayers, Scheisher, Liu, & Wetherell, 2012). Assessment and treatment accommodations may be necessary for late-life hoarding due to cognitive impairment, physical illness, limited mobility, and health hazards (e.g., Ayers, Wetherell, Golshan, & Saxena, 2011; Turner, Steketee, & Nauth, 2010).Althoughthere are few treatment outcome studies, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that age-adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy for hoarding is promising (e.g., Ayers, Bratiotis, Saxena, & Wetherell; Ayers et al., in press; Turner et al., 2010). This chapter focuses on the unique nature and presentation of hoarding disorder (HD) in late life. The consequences of HD compounded by age-related changes are reviewed. Further, diagnostic considerations and age-appropriateassessment accommodations are described. The chapter includes a review of recent treatment outcome research to highlight effective strategies that have been adapted specifically to the needs of geriatric patients and that provide guidelines to overcoming treatment barriers in this population.

Screening pregnant women for HIV and syphilis is recommended by WHO in order to reduce mother-to-child transmission. We evaluated the field performance, feasibility, and acceptability of a dual rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for HIV and syphilis test in antenatal clinic settings in Nigeria. Participants were recruited at 12 antenatal clinic sites in three states of Nigeria. All consenting individuals were tested according to the national HIV testing algorithm, as well as a dual RDT, the SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test (Alere, USA), in the clinic. To determine sensitivity, specificity and concordance, whole blood samples were obtained for repeat RDT performance in the laboratory, as well as reference tests for HIV and syphilis. Dual test acceptability and operational characteristics were assessed among participants and clinic staff. The prevalence of HIV among the 4,551 enrollees was 3.0% (138/4551) using the national clinic-based HIV testing algorithm. Positive and negative percent agreement of the HIV component of the dual RDT were 100.0% (95% CI 99.7-100.0) and 99.9% (95% CI 99.7-100.0) respectively, when compared with the national rapid testing algorithm. The prevalence of syphilis, using TPHA as the reference test, was low at 0.09% (4/4550). The sensitivity of the syphilis component of the dual RDT could not be calculated as no positive results were observed for patients that were positive for syphilis by TPHA. Each of the only four TPHA-positive specimens had RPR titers of 1:1 (neat), indicative of non-active syphilis. The specificity of the syphilis component of the dual RDT was 99.9% (95% CI 99.8-100.0). The dual RDT received favorable feasibility ratings among antenatal care clinic staff. Acceptability among study participants was high with most women reporting preference for rapid dual HIV/syphilis testing. The SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test showed a high overall diagnostic accuracy for HIV and a high specificity for syphilis diagnosis in antenatal clinic settings. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that supports the clinic-based use of dual tests for HIV and syphilis among pregnant women.

Payers are increasingly using approaches to risk adjustment that incorporate community-level measures of social risk with the goal of better aligning value-based payment models with improvements in health equity. To examine the association between community-level social risk and health care spending and explore how incorporating community-level social risk influences risk adjustment for Medicare beneficiaries. Using data from a Medicare Advantage plan linked with survey data on self-reported social needs, this cross-sectional study estimated health care spending health care spending was estimated as a function of demographics and clinical characteristics, with and without the inclusion of Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a measure of community-level social risk. The study period was January to December 2019. All analyses were conducted from December 2021 to August 2022. Census block group-level ADI. Regression models estimated total health care spending in 2019 and approximated different approaches to social risk adjustment. Model performance was assessed with overall model calibration (adjusted R2) and predictive accuracy (ratio of predicted to actual spending) for subgroups of potentially vulnerable beneficiaries. Among a final study population of 61 469 beneficiaries (mean [SD] age, 70.7 [8.9] years; 35 801 [58.2%] female; 48 514 [78.9%] White; 6680 [10.9%] with Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility; median [IQR] ADI, 61 [42-79]), ADI was weakly correlated with self-reported social needs (r = 0.16) and explained only 0.02% of the observed variation in spending. Conditional on demographic and clinical characteristics, every percentile increase in the ADI (ie, more disadvantage) was associated with a $11.08 decrease in annual spending. Directly incorporating ADI into a risk-adjustment model that used demographics and clinical characteristics did not meaningfully improve model calibration (adjusted R2 = 7.90% vs 7.93%) and did not significantly reduce payment inequities for rural beneficiaries and those with a high burden of self-reported social needs. A postestimation adjustment of predicted spending for dual-eligible beneficiaries residing in high ADI areas also did not significantly reduce payment inequities for rural beneficiaries or beneficiaries with self-reported social needs. In this cross-sectional study of Medicare beneficiaries, the ADI explained little variation in health care spending, was negatively correlated with spending conditional on demographic and clinical characteristics, and was poorly correlated with self-reported social risk factors. This prompts caution and nuance when using community-level measures of social risk such as the ADI for social risk adjustment within Medicare value-based payment programs.

ObjectiveConsistent with the role of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the aims of this study were to review the FCTC progress reports submitted by the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) and assess regional FCTC progress.Data source and extractionWe searched FCTC: (1) Global Progress Reports for any information related to PICs; and (2) country-specific reports for all PICs. All reports submitted by PICs from 2007 to 2023 were reviewed. Information such as smoking prevalence for adult and young populations by sex/gender and age, objectives, targets, legislation, regulation and policies for tobacco control were extracted.Data synthesisTen global progress and 69 country-specific reports from 14 PICs were reviewed. In the most recent reports, daily smoking prevalence among males ranged from 15.8% in Niue to 64.8% in Kiribati, while among females, it ranged from 1.6% in Vanuatu to 31.8% in Kiribati. Current smoking prevalence among boys and girls ranged from 10% in Marshall Islands to 43% in the Federated States of Micronesia and from 1.5% in Marshall Islands to 28.8% in Palau, respectively. Price and tax measures, along with bans on tobacco sales to and by minors, were the most reported tobacco control strategies.ConclusionsWhile the PICs have ratified the FCTC and made strides to fight tobacco use and its consequences, they still face significant challenges to fully implement the FCTC. Building local and regional capacity and capability to implement and monitor progress with tobacco control policies is essential to reducing tobacco-related death and disease in the PICs.

Background Implementation science has grown rapidly as a discipline over the past two decades. An examination of how publication patterns and other scholarly activities of implementation scientists are weighted in the tenure and promotion process is needed given the unique and applied focus of the field. Methods We surveyed implementation scientists (mostly from the USA) to understand their perspectives on the following matters: (1) factors weighted in tenure and promotion for implementation scientists, (2) how important these factors are for success as an implementation scientist, (3) how impact is defined for implementation scientists, (4) top journals in implementation science, and (5) how these journals are perceived with regard to their prestige. We calculated univariate descriptive statistics for all quantitative data, and we used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare the participants’ ratings of various factors. We analyzed open-ended qualitative responses using content analysis. Results One hundred thirty-two implementation scientists completed the survey (response rate = 28.9%). Four factors were rated as more important for tenure and promotion decisions: number of publications, quality of publication outlets, success in obtaining external funding, and record of excellence in teaching. Six factors were rated as more important for overall success as an implementation scientist: presentations at professional meetings, involvement in professional service, impact of the implementation scientist’s scholarship on the local community and/or state, impact of the implementation scientist’s scholarship on the research community, the number and quality of the implementation scientist’s community partnerships, and the implementation scientist’s ability to disseminate their work to non-research audiences. Participants most frequently defined and described impact as changing practice and/or policy. This expert cohort identified Implementation Science as the top journal in the field. Conclusions Overall, there was a significant mismatch between the factors experts identified as being important to academic success (e.g., tenure and promotion) and the factors needed to be a successful implementation scientist. Findings have important implications for capacity building, although they are largely reflective of the promotion and tenure process in the USA.

One-to-one instruction is a critical component of evidence-based instruction for students with autism spectrum disorder, but is not used as often as recommended. Student characteristics may affect teachers’ decisions to select a treatment and/or implement it. This study examined the associations between students’ clinical and demographic characteristics and teachers’ reported use of discrete trial training (DTT) and pivotal response training (PRT). Children’s higher sensory symptoms, lower social approach, lower verbal skills and higher self-regulation difficulties were associated with more frequent 1:1 DTT and PRT. Results suggest that teachers give more frequent 1:1 instruction to children with more observable impairments, do not match children to type of 1:1 intervention, and may inadvertently neglect other students for whom individualized intervention may still be beneficial.