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This paper addresses the primary health care crisis of Rio de Janeiro public health system as of 2018. This municipality has experienced a robust primary care expansion since 2009, adopting Social Organizations for recruiting professionals and managing services, qualifying the infrastructure of units and prioritizing family and community medicine, as well as adopting management practices such as standardized offers, evaluation and pay-for-performance compensation, marketing, among others. Given the recent economic crisis, the municipal manager decided to reduce family health teams, considering the current National Policy of Primary Care and arguing that it is possible to optimize resources (doing more with less). In this process, he faced resistance that was not enough to stop him. Due to the resonance of this city (second largest in Brazil and prominent in the national press) and based on public documents and formulations on management, the crisis expressed in the primary health care of this city was debated around the implications of the adoption of Social Organizations in the sustainability of health services, conducting management processes and their rationalities, as well as the political action of social agents advocating for the SUS and primary care in particular.

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a public health problem, being the fifth most common cancer worldwide. In the western countries, the majority of patients present with advanced disease. Additionally, 65 to 75% of patients treated with curative intent will relapse and develop systemic disease. In metastatic disease, systemic treatment still represents the state of the art, with less than a year of median overall survival. The new molecular classification of GC was published in 2014, identifying four distinct major subtypes of gastric cancer, and has encouraged the investigation of new and more personalized treatment strategies. This paper will review the current evidence of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer.

In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a list of four fungi identified as the most medically important global pathogens, resulting in Cryptococcus neoformans, Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris), Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans being classified as the critical priority fungi. The purpose of this list is to encourage the prioritization of fungal research and public policies to strengthen its control and combat fungal diseases. Among the criteria used in the analysis by the WHO to determine these critical threat pathogens were numbers of deaths; annual incidence; current global distribution; trends in the last 10 years; hospitalization; complications and sequelae; preventability; access to diagnostic tests; evidence-based treatments; and antifungal resistance. Difficulties in treatment, including due to antifungal resistance, are a major factor in the morbidity and mortality of these fungi. The fungal cell wall plays a fundamental role in maintaining cellular architecture and contributing to fungal survival. Thus, new approaches targeting the cell wall have been and are being developed. This review article aims to bring together studies from the last ten years focusing on the development of new treatment alternatives targeting the cell walls of the four critical priority fungi and discussing their potential for combating these deadly fungi of worldwide clinical importance.

Background Seminoma accounts for 30–50% of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT)—the most common solid malignancy in men aged 15–35 years. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition (2018) created the subclassifications pT1a (tumor size < 3 cm) and pT1b (≥ 3 cm), despite not being universally recognized. Rete testis invasion (RTI) and tumor size > 4 cm are considered features associated with a higher recurrence risk, but not formally used for staging. The authors propose further understanding the subclassification’s potential impact in clinical practice, by summarizing current evidence and reviewing clinical cases in their institutions. Methods All consecutive cases of seminoma stage I, pT1 treated in two institutions between January 2005 and December 2016 were included. Clinical data were retrieved, and variables were analyzed using SPSS. Relevant literature on the topic was reviewed. Results Seminoma pT1 was identified in 58 patients. By using newly AJCC criteria, 29 (50%) would have been staged as pT1a and 29 (50%) pT1b. Median age at diagnosis was similar (33 in pT1a vs 32 in pT1b). Median follow-up time 5.8 years. Almost half (45%) of pT1b patients had a tumor size < 4 cm. The majority of either pT1a or pT1b were treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, reflecting more intensive approaches in the past. Three retroperitoneal recurrences were recorded (two in pT1a, one in pT1b, all under surveillance protocol); no deaths occurred. RTI and extensive necrosis (EN) were associated with pT1b ( P  <  0.0001 and P  = 0.023, respectively), known adverse biological features. Conclusions In our population, the exploratory analysis of the newly created AJCC criteria showed no significant difference in recurrence or death, although pT1b was associated with adverse biomarkers, such as RTI and EN, but its clinical relevance remains incompletely understood. Our results confirm an excellent prognosis, regardless of subcategorization, thus a larger population and a longer follow-up time are needed to understand prospectively the impact of the recently updated criteria. We would recommend using the latest AJCC staging system, although the individual risk of relapse, long-term toxicities and patient preferences should be taken into account when considering surveillance or active treatment adjuvant options.

The high mortality rate from microbial infections underscores the need to discover new antimicrobials. This work produced antibacterial Chitosan biofilms with and without the incorporation of the ethanolic extract of stem bark and its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The extract and fractions were subjected to FTIR and H NMR analysis. The biofilms were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The H NMR and FTIR data, as well as the colorimetric quantification of total phenolics, demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds. and were the most susceptible bacteria for Chitosan/ biofilms and fractions (growth inhibition zones values in the range of 10.8 ± 0.1 to 14.0 ± 0.1 mm, and minimum inhibitory or bactericidal concentration, MIC or MBC values of the fractions were in the range of 125 to 250 µg mL . Only the fractions inhibited (MIC = 250 µg mL ). Chitosan/ biofilms exhibited efficient interactions between chitosan functional groups and secondary metabolites, good thermal stability, and increased rigidity in mechanical tests. This study reinforces the pharmacological potential of biodegradable Chitosan/ biofilms as antibacterial agents biofilms.

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is rising. Surgery is the only curative strategy and its association with perioperative chemotherapy is now standard treatment for most resectable tumors. Despite treatment advances, disease relapse is high, even in early stages, and continued improvement in curative treatment is imperative. With deeper knowledge of gastric cancer heterogeneity, molecular subtypes, and the tumor immune microenvironment, new standard treatment strategies may emerge in the near future. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current treatment landscape in resectable gastric cancer and future perspectives for the next decade regarding new agents such as targeted therapies, immunotherapy, antibody–drug conjugates, and the combination of multiple treatment modalities.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have completely changed cancer treatment in the last decade and are now widely used in several cancers. In the era of immunotherapy, oncologists have changed not only the way they evaluate treatment efficacy but also the management of treatment-related adverse events. This new profile of immune adverse events has resulted in an urgent need for a more holistic view of cancer patients and for more collaborations with other organ specialists to optimize patient treatment and support. The anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody, avelumab, has been widely used as a maintenance treatment in stage IV urothelial carcinoma since the results from the Javelin 100 bladder trial were published. We report a case of a 75-year-old man with stage IV urothelial carcinoma submitted to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy followed by maintenance avelumab. He achieved a complete bone and pulmonary response 10 months after stopping avelumab, which was suspended due to a serious immune adverse event, an ICI-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus. At present, the patient has an overall survival of 24 months and shows no evidence of disease with a good quality of life 16 months after avelumab suspension. We hypothesized that a late response to avelumab could explain this unexpected outcome.

Resumo No contexto das políticas de saúde no Brasil, observa-se um conjunto de ações para qualificação da atenção primária à saúde (APS), entre as quais os Programas Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ-AB), Mais Médicos (PMM) e Requalificação das UBS (Requalifica UBS). O artigo analisa a inserção de médicos do PMM segundo qualidade da estrutura das UBS, buscando reconhecer sinergias entre os três programas. Trata-se de estudo transversal com base em dados secundários do PMAQ-AB ciclos 1 e 2, do PMM e do Requalifica UBS. As UBS recenseadas no PMAQ-AB Ciclo 1 foram classificadas, segundo tipologia previamente elaborada, em cinco grupos hierarquizados de A (melhores) a E (reprovadas). Em seguida foram cotejadas com a alocação de profissionais do PMM e propostas Requalifica. Os resultados sinalizam convergências de investimentos dos três programas. Observa-se predomínio de incentivos nas UBS tipos B e C, indicando concentração de esforços em UBS com potencialidade de melhora da qualidade de sua estrutura. Além da ampliação do acesso, o componente provisão emergencial de médicos do PMM, somado à melhoria da infraestrutura e qualificação do processo de trabalho conflui para enfrentar a rotatividade e garantir a permanência de médicos na APS. Abstract The health policy context in Brazil has featured a series of measures to improve primary health care (PHC), including a national access and quality improvement program (Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade, PMAQ-AB) and the Mais Médicos Program (More Doctors, PMM) and upgrading PHC centers (‘Requalifica UBS’). The paper examines the PMM's placement of doctors, by quality of PHC structure, in an endeavor to identify synergies among the three programs. It reports on a transverse study based on secondary data from PMAQ-AB Cycles 1 and 2, the PMM and ‘Requalifica UBS’. The PHC facilities inventoried during PMAQ-AB Cycle 1 were classified, on pre-established typology, into five groups ranked from A (best) to E (failed). They were then compared in terms of PMM personnel allocated and Requalifica UBS proposals. The results point to convergences in investments by the three programs. Incentives targeted predominantly PHC facilities of types B and C, indicating a concentration of efforts on PHC facilities with potential for structural quality improvements. In addition to expanding access, the provision of doctors by the PMM, added to infrastructure upgrades and work process improvements, contributes to addressing high turnover and guaranteeing retention of doctors in PHC.

Resumo A despeito da diversidade socioespacial, localidades rurais remotas têm em comum pequenos povoados dispersos em um vasto território, populações isoladas e longas distâncias em relação aos centros urbanos. O objetivo do estudo é analisar as especificidades da organização e do acesso à atenção primária à saúde (APS) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em municípios rurais remotos (MRR) brasileiros. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, com base em estudo de casos múltiplos em 27 MRR. Foi feita uma análise de conteúdo temática de 211 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e profissionais de saúde, e uma triangulação de informações para explorar e reconhecer as formas de organização, estratégias e desafios para o acesso à saúde. Os resultados indicam que: as características dos contextos rurais remotos condicionam a provisão da APS; há diferenças nas formas de ofertar ações de saúde e maiores falhas de cobertura assistencial nas áreas mais rarefeitas e remotas dos municípios; existem contradições entre o financiamento da APS nacional e as características dos territórios marcado por rarefação populacional e longas distâncias; e a escassez da força de trabalho é um desafio comum nos municípios estudados. É necessário, portanto, considerar as características territoriais, sociais e de acesso aos serviços de saúde para a proposição de políticas públicas que atendam às necessidades dos MRR. Abstract Despite the socio-spatial diversity, remote rural locations have in common small villages dispersed over a vast territory, isolated populations, and long distances from urban centers. The objective of the study is to analyze the specificities of the organization and access to primary health care (PHC) in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in remote rural municipalities (MRR). To that end a study with a qualitative approach, based on a multiple case study in 27 MRR was carried out. Thematic content analysis of 211 semi-structured interviews with managers and health professionals and a triangulation of information to explore and recognize the forms of organization, strategies, and challenges for the access to health were performed. The results indicate that: the characteristics of remote rural contexts condition the provision of PHC; there are differences in the ways of offering health actions and greater gaps in care coverage in the most rarefied and remote areas of the municipalities; there are contradictions between national PHC funding and the characteristics of territories marked by sparcely populated areas and long distances; and the shortage of the workforce is a common challenge among the cities studied. It is, thus, necessary to consider the territorial, social, and access characteristics to health services to propose public policies that meet the needs of the MRR.

This paper aims to analyze the healthcare coordination by Primary Health Care (PHC), with the backdrop of building a Health Care Network (RAS) in a region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We conducted a case study with qualitative and quantitative approaches, proceeding to the triangulation of data between the perception of managers and experience of users. We drew analysis realms and variables from the three pillars of healthcare coordination - informational, clinical and administrative/organizational. Stroke was the tracer event chosen and therapeutic itineraries were conducted with users and questionnaires applied to the managers. The central feature of the construction of the Health Care Network in the studied area is the prominence of a philanthropic organization. The results suggest fragility of PHC in healthcare coordination in all analyzed realms. Furthermore, we identified a public-private mix, in addition to services contracted from the Unified Health System (SUS), with out-of-pocket payments for specialist consultation, tests and rehabilitation. Much in the same way that there is no RAS without a robust PHC capable of coordinating care, PHC is unable to play its role without a solid regional arrangement and a virtuous articulation between the three federative levels.