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 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder frequently associated with obesity, leading to increased risks of cardiovascular and renal complications. Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for improving glycemic control and promoting weight reduction. However, evaluating its safety and efficacy in obese T2DM patients remains essential, particularly in real-world clinical settings. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by assessing adverse event profiles and the reduction in HbA1c levels over the treatment period.  This 12-month prospective, multicenter observational study was conducted from April 2023 to April 2024 at BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital, Dhaka, and affiliated healthcare centers in Bangladesh. One thousand five hundred patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m² were consecutively enrolled from outpatient clinics. Eligibility was based on a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and the recent initiation of dapagliflozin therapy. Patients received 5 mg or 10 mg of dapagliflozin daily, either as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic agents. Physicians made all treatment decisions independently as part of routine clinical care. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted from medical records using a standardized case record form. Outcomes included changes in glycemic and lipid parameters at baseline, three, six, and 12 months, and the frequency of adverse events. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.  The study showed a statistically significant reduction in mean glycated hemoglobin levels from 8.1 ± 1.7 at baseline to 7.3 ± 1.4 after six months of treatment (p<0.0001). Adverse events were reported in 240 (16%) patients, with the most common being 90 (37.5%) cases of fatigue and hypoglycemia each. Urinary tract infection was observed in 60 (25%) cases, vulvovaginal pruritus and dysuria in 30 (12.5%) cases. A total of 30 (12.5%) patients developed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), primarily those with a long-standing history of diabetes (≥10 years) and prior hypertension.  Dapagliflozin appears to be an effective therapeutic option for the management of type 2 diabetes in obese individuals, contributing to improvements in glycemic control and metabolic parameters. When administered alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents, it was associated with favorable clinical outcomes and an acceptable safety profile, supporting its utility in routine clinical practice.

The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) comprises a diverse group of opportunistic pathogens that are critically relevant to human and animal health. Bcc induces life-threatening infections of the lung in human patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease and causes mastitis and abscesses in sheep and goats. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the presence of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) in goats in Bangladesh using serological tests such as the Glanders Rapid Detection Test Kit (GRDTK) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular tests such as PCR, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. A total of 40 goat blood samples were collected, comprising 30 samples from goats exhibiting a history of abortion accompanied by respiratory symptoms and 10 samples from clinically healthy control goats. Among the 30 samples from symptomatic goats, eight isolates (26.67%) were observed to grow in Luria-Bertani broth, while there was no growth from the control group. Five (62.50%) were found positive for bacterial presence when analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene-specific PCR assay for broth-positive samples. In the Genomix GRDTK and ELISA tests, six isolates were identified as positive for Burkholderia spp. Of the eight broth culture-positive samples, two (25%) were found to be positive by genus-specific PCR using groEL primers and species-specific amplification using zmpA primers. Phylogenetic analysis of positive goat samples confirmed the presence of the Bcc, which showed 100% similarity with the strains from India, Japan, and China. The discovery is the first detection of Bcc in animals in Bangladesh. It raises significant concerns for animal and public health. These findings highlight the critical need for strengthened diagnostic strategies, improved microbiological surveillance, and further research into Bcc’s epidemiology and zoonotic potential within the One Health framework to understand better and mitigate its zoonotic risks.

Protected areas (PA) have been considered as biodiversity conservation hub across the globe. The conventional \"top-down\" management approach has been failed to ensure resource sustainability in many PA. Therefore, co-management was introduced to secure the PA of Bangladesh and started with legal framework in 2008 (IPAC Project) until 2018 (CREL Project). Thus, land-use and biodiversity change analysis from a decade before and after 2008 has generated comparison of previous and after scenario of co-management. Hence for evaluating effects of co-management on temporal biodiversity and land-use change in Bangladesh, two PA, Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) under IUCN Protected Area Category IV and Lawachara National Park (LNP) under IUCN Protected Area Category II, were selected. Community structure of both vascular plants and avifauna species was used to determine current biodiversity variations with habitat influence. Land-use change analysis revealed deforestation and settlements expansion in CWS but decrease in LNP. Trend analysis forecasted good future of LNP in terms of forest cover till 2038. Biodiversity analysis revealed that CWS is slightly more diverse and even than LNP. Comparative analysis recognized prominent loss of biodiversity before co-management period. Therefore, co-management system can be employed in the rest of reserve-forest areas of Bangladesh for conservation betterment.

This study investigates the thermo‐mechanical performance of fly ash‐based geopolymer composites reinforced with bagasse and human hair fibers at varying fiber contents (1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight). Composites were exposed to elevated temperatures (200°C, 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C) and fabricated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as alkali activators. Compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) were evaluated across all compositions and thermal conditions. Results indicate a significant reduction in mechanical performance with increasing temperature. For 2% fiber content, the CS of bagasse fiber composites decreased from 25.87 MPa at 200°C to 7.12 MPa at 800°C, while human hair composites showed a decrease from 24.45 MPa to 13.62 MPa. Flexural strength followed a similar trend, with human hair composites exhibiting superior retention of strength across the temperature range. SEM analysis revealed stronger fiber–matrix bonding and reduced porosity in human hair composites, contributing to enhanced thermal stability. Despite thermal degradation effects, composites with up to 1.5% fiber content demonstrated sufficient mechanical integrity for moderate‐temperature applications. The findings highlight the potential of utilizing sustainable, low‐cost fiber reinforcements in geopolymer systems, offering viable alternatives to synthetic composites in thermally demanding environments between 200°C and 600°C. This study demonstrates that human hair fiber‐reinforced fly ash geopolymer composites outperform bagasse‐based counterparts at elevated temperatures. They show higher mechanical strength, less thermal weight loss, and stronger fiber–matrix bonding, making them promising sustainable reinforcements for thermally demanding applications.

The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) comprises a diverse group of opportunistic pathogens that are critically relevant to human and animal health. Bcc induces life-threatening infections of the lung in human patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease and causes mastitis and abscesses in sheep and goats. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the presence of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) in goats in Bangladesh using serological tests such as the Glanders Rapid Detection Test Kit (GRDTK) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular tests such as PCR, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. A total of 40 goat blood samples were collected, comprising 30 samples from goats exhibiting a history of abortion accompanied by respiratory symptoms and 10 samples from clinically healthy control goats. Among the 30 samples from symptomatic goats, eight isolates (26.67%) were observed to grow in Luria-Bertani broth, while there was no growth from the control group. Five (62.50%) were found positive for bacterial presence when analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene-specific PCR assay for broth-positive samples. In the Genomix GRDTK and ELISA tests, six isolates were identified as positive for Burkholderia spp. Of the eight broth culture-positive samples, two (25%) were found to be positive by genus-specific PCR using groEL primers and species-specific amplification using zmpA primers. Phylogenetic analysis of positive goat samples confirmed the presence of the Bcc, which showed 100% similarity with the strains from India, Japan, and China. The discovery is the first detection of Bcc in animals in Bangladesh. It raises significant concerns for animal and public health. These findings highlight the critical need for strengthened diagnostic strategies, improved microbiological surveillance, and further research into Bcc's epidemiology and zoonotic potential within the One Health framework to understand better and mitigate its zoonotic risks.

The antenna is the most critical hardware for systems that send and receive electromagnetic waves wirelessly [2]. Because their size is directly related to the wavelength of the resonant frequency, they are usually used at high frequencies and ranges [3]. In the 1970s, thin, surface-suited antennas were made for army packages, missiles, and space shuttles. Since wireless communication systems need small antennas, microwave engineers have recently become more interested in researching how to make compact microstrip antennas. With this method, wireless communication can have a high gain, which means that data can be sent at a much higher power level than in previous research. The findings that were obtained by running this simulation performed significantly better than the work that had been done in the past. Because of this, it has a chance of being a strong contender for 5G wireless technology.

Snakebites are common in tropical countries like Bangladesh where most snakebite victims dwell in rural areas. Among the management options after snakebite in Bangladesh, snake charmers (Ozha in Bengali language) are the first contact following a snakebite for more than 80% of the victims and they are treated mostly with the help of some medicinal plants. Our aim of the study is to compile plants used for the treatment of snakebite occurrence in Bangladesh. The field survey was carried out in a period of almost 3 years. Fieldwork was undertaken in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, including Chittagong, Rangamati, Bandarban, and Khagrachari. Open-ended and semistructured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 110 people including traditional healers and local people. A total of 116 plant species of 48 families were listed. Leaves were the most cited plant part used against snake venom. Most of the reported species were herb in nature and paste mostly used externally is the mode of preparation. The survey represents the preliminary information of certain medicinal plants having neutralizing effects against snake venoms, though further phytochemical investigation, validation, and clinical trials should be conducted before using these plants as an alternative to popular antivenom.

On the verge of exhausting fossil fuels, solar energy is the one of best options for the primary source of energy as it is renewable, eco-friendly and safe to use. An intelligent solar tracker will attempt to navigate to the best angle of exposure of the sun ensuring that the maximum amount of sunlight strikes the panel throughout the day. The main reason for pursuing this paper is to establish the idea that a tracker aided array of PV modules produces more power over a longer time than a stationary array with the same number of modules.

Natural fiber as a reinforcing agent plays a dominant role in the field of composite due to its eco-friendliness and renewable nature with low density and cost. Bagasse (sugarcane) has the potential to serve as an alternative reinforcement in composite materials. Bagasse fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide. Randomly oriented raw and treated bagasse fiber reinforced polypropylene matrix composites were produced using hot compression machine under specific pressure and temperature at different fiber loading. Mechanical tests and structural analysis were subsequently performed. The mechanical properties (except tensile strength) of the composites increased with increasing fiber content, while composites prepared from chemically treated fiber are found to be much better compared to those of untreated ones. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicated better wetting of fiber by the matrix in case of treated fiber composite compared to raw fiber composite. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic showed elimination of hemi-cellulose from bagasse fiber after sodium hydroxide treatment. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The unpredictability and volatility of the stock market render it challenging to make a substantial profit using any generalised scheme. Many previous studies tried different techniques to build a machine learning model, which can make a significant profit in the US stock market by performing live trading. However, very few studies have focused on the importance of finding the best features for a particular trading period. Our top approach used the performance to narrow down the features from a total of 148 to about 30. Furthermore, the top 25 features were dynamically selected before each time training our machine learning model. It uses ensemble learning with four classifiers: Gaussian Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression with L1 regularization, and Stochastic Gradient Descent, to decide whether to go long or short on a particular stock. Our best model performed daily trade between July 2011 and January 2019, generating 54.35% profit. Finally, our work showcased that mixtures of weighted classifiers perform better than any individual predictor of making trading decisions in the stock market.