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"Mahmoud, Ahmed"
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Grafting Tomato ‘Nairouz F1’ onto Interspecific Hybrids for Induced Antibiosis and Antixenosis Resistance to Tetranychus urticae Koch via Chlorogenic Acid Synthesis
Background
This study is the first research to investigate the potential of grafting to induce tomato resistance to two-spotted spider mite (TSSM),
Tetranychus urticae
Koch. TSSM can cause up to 50% yield loss of tomato. The grafting technique permits the rapid adoption of biotic/abiotic stress resistance/tolerance from wild relatives as rootstock while preserving the scion’s important horticultural characteristics. Although TSSM resistance is found in wild tomato relatives, particularly those with the
Mi-1
gene, its effects as rootstocks on TSSM resistance remain uncertain. Tomato ‘Nairouz F
1
’ (lacking
Mi-1
) grafted onto six interspecific hybrids with
Solanum habrochiates
(harboring
Mi-1/mi-1
), including commercial rootstock ‘Estamino’ and ‘Fortamino’, along with hybrids between tomato ‘VFN-14’ and each of
S. habrochiates
AusTRCF312064 (R312064), AusTRCF312344 (R312344), CGN15391 (R15391), and LA1777 (R1777). In the 2019 and 2020 fall seasons, the grafted and ungrafted plants were assessed in a naturally TSSM-infested field. The population of TSSM movable stages on grafted and ungrafted plants was estimated one week after transplanting, and every two weeks for 11 weeks. To assess antixenosis and antibiosis resistance in tomato grafts, TSSM males and females were reared on leaves of grafts onto R312064 and R15391, along with ungrafted plants. TSSM bio-behaviors and two-sex life table parameters were assessed.
Results
Grafting onto interspecific hybrids, particularly R15391, R312064, and R312344, significantly lowered TSSM populations compared to commercial rootstocks and ungrafted plants. HPLC analysis revealed that grafting induced foliar synthesis of herbivore-repellent (antixenosis) and antibiosis phenolics, viz., chlorogenic acid in all grafts and syringic acid, pyrocatechol, and vanillin in certain grafts. Grafts-R312064 showed delayed TSSM development, lower survival rates, lower fecundity, and higher mortality. Grafts-R312064 also had a longer mean generation time (
GT
; 23.33 days) and a lower reproductive rate (
R
0
: 14.63), leading to a slower intrinsic population growth rate (
r
m
: 0.115) compared to ungrafted plants and grafts-R15391.
Conclusion
The findings suggest tomato grafting onto rootstocks with the
Mi-1
gene, particularly R312064, could reduce TSSM populations through induced antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanisms.
Journal Article
Exosomal miRNA-mediated intercellular communications and immunomodulatory effects in tumor microenvironments
Extracellular communication, in other words, crosstalk between cells, has a pivotal role in the survival of an organism. This communication occurs by different methods, one of which is extracellular vesicles. Exosomes, which are small lipid extracellular vesicles, have recently been discovered to have a role in signal transduction between cells inside the body. These vesicles contain important bioactive molecules including lipids, proteins, DNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomes are secreted by all cells including immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells) and tumor cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a complex network that supports the growth of tumor cells. This microenvironment encompasses tumor cells themselves, the extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, blood vessels, immune cells, and non-cellular components such as exosomes and cytokines. This review aims to provide insights into the latest discoveries concerning how the immune system communicates internally and with other cell types, with a specific focus on research involving exosomal miRNAs in macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes. Additionally, we will explore the role of exosomal miRNA in the TME and the immunomodulatory effect.
Journal Article
Meso/Microporous Carbons from Conjugated Hyper-Crosslinked Polymers Based on Tetraphenylethene for High-Performance CO2 Capture and Supercapacitor
In this study, we successfully synthesized two types of meso/microporous carbon materials through the carbonization and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation for two different kinds of hyper-crosslinked polymers of TPE-CPOP1 and TPE-CPOP2, which were synthesized by using Friedel–Crafts reaction of tetraphenylethene (TPE) monomer with or without cyanuric chloride in the presence of AlCl3 as a catalyst. The resultant porous carbon materials exhibited the high specific area (up to 1100 m2 g−1), total pore volume, good thermal stability, and amorphous character based on thermogravimetric (TGA), N2 adsoprtion/desorption, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analyses. The as-prepared TPE-CPOP1 after thermal treatment at 800 °C (TPE-CPOP1-800) displayed excellent CO2 uptake performance (1.74 mmol g−1 at 298 K and 3.19 mmol g−1 at 273 K). Furthermore, this material possesses a high specific capacitance of 453 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 comparable to others porous carbon materials with excellent columbic efficiencies for 10,000 cycle at 20 A g−1.
Journal Article
ExploringTy resistance genes and genetic diversity in improved tomato lines selected from commercial hybrids
Background
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD), caused by the
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
(TYLCV), threatens global tomato production, making resistance breeding crucial. This study evaluated 17 tomato lines (TLs; F
6
and F
7
) derived from F
1
hybrids ‘65010’, ‘Nairouz’, ‘SVTD8320’, and ‘Tyrmes’ for 27 traits related to TYLCD resistance, vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality under natural whitefly-mediated inoculation during the 2022 and 2023 fall seasons. Genetic diversity was assessed using phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variation, heritability (
h
2
b
), and genotypic correlation coefficient (
r
g
) of the estimated traits.
Results
According to PCR-based specific markers, most TLs had multiple homozygous
Ty
resistance genes (> 2), except for TLs 1 and 3 (
Ty-4
gene only) and TL5 (no
Ty
genes). TLs exhibited high TYLCD tolerance, characterized by low symptom severity and viral replication, as observed in symptomless plants using TEM scanning. Most traits exhibited significant phenotypic variation across seasons, with 21 out of 27 traits showing high or moderate values of PCV (11.94–65.44%) and GCV (2.45–64.72%), and high
h
2
b
(75.0-99.6%). This indicates that TLs have high genetic diversity and are suitable for phenotypic selection to improve TYLCD tolerance and productivity.
Significant estimates of
r
g
revealed that selecting for low TYLCD severity and high total yield, average fruit weight, fruit firmness, and fruit TSS content would lead to a reduction in fruit vitamin C content and the number of fruit locules. Conversely, this selection would increase early and marketable yield, number of plant fruits, fruit equatorial diameter, and fruit β-carotene content.
Principal component analysis reduced the 27 traits to five PCs, representing 85.07% of the total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified TLs into four clusters, with Clusters 1 (TLs 1 and 5-12) and 3 (TL4 only) performing better for traits.
Conclusion
Segregating commercial hybrid generations can be used to develop lines with multiple
Ty
resistance genes and enhanced traits. Crossing lines among these clusters could improve TYLCD tolerance and yield in future F
1
hybrids. Some lines harbor TYLCD resistance genes, like TL5, which exhibited high TYLCD tolerance without detecting
Ty
genes. Further research is needed to identify the specific genes and mechanisms for resistance in these lines.
Journal Article
Wave–matter interactions in epsilon-and-mu-near-zero structures
In recent years, the concept of metamaterials has offered platforms for unconventional tailoring and manipulation of the light–matter interaction. Here we explore the notion of ‘static optics’, in which the electricity and magnetism are decoupled, while the fields are temporally dynamic. This occurs when both the relative effective permittivity and permeability attain near-zero values at a given operating frequency. We theoretically investigate some of the resulting wave features in bounded scenarios, such as unusual radiation characteristics of an emitter embedded in such epsilon-and-mu-near-zero media in bounded environments. Using such media, one might in principle ‘open up’ and ‘stretch’ the space, and have regions behaving electromagnetically as ‘single points’ despite being electrically large. We suggest a possible design for implementation of such structures using a single dielectric rod inserted in a waveguide operating near its cutoff frequency, providing the possibility of having electrically large ‘empty’ volumes to behave as epsilon-and-mu-near-zero media.
Unusual effects arise when a material’s permittivity or permeability approach zero, a scenario that can be readily engineered in metamaterials. This study explores the regime wherein both these quantities go to zero and the electric and magnetic fields effectively decouple while remaining temporally dynamic.
Journal Article
Photonic doping of epsilon-near-zero media
Doping a semiconductor with foreign atoms enables the control of its electrical and optical properties. We transplant the concept of doping to macroscopic photonics, demonstrating that two-dimensional dielectric particles immersed in a two-dimensional epsilon-near-zero medium act as dopants that modify the medium’s effective permeability while keeping its effective permittivity near zero, independently of their positions within the host. The response of a large body can be tuned with a single impurity, including cases such as engineering perfect magnetic conductor and epsilon-and-mu-near-zero media with nonmagnetic constituents. This effect is experimentally demonstrated at microwave frequencies via the observation of geometry-independent tunneling. This methodology might provide a new pathway for engineering electromagnetic metamaterials and reconfigurable optical systems.
Journal Article
L-arginine role for stone lower ureter: A randomized controlled trial
This study aims to evaluate the effects of L-arginine 1000 mg once daily as a medical expulsive therapy (MET) for lower ureteral stones. This prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted on 162 patients with ureteral stones; 9 patients were excluded due to loss to follow-up, and the remaining 153 patients were divided into three groups. Group I (control) included 51 patients who received a placebo. Group II included 51 patients who received 1000 mg of L-arginine once daily. Group III included 51 patients who received tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily. There was a highly statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding ultrasound (U/S) and plain urinary tract (PUT) findings after 4 weeks. Spontaneous stone expulsion rates (SER) in the control, L-arginine, and tamsulosin groups were 6 (11.8%), 48 (94.1%), and 16 (31.4%), respectively (
p
< 0.001). The mean ± SD of stone expulsion time in the control, L-arginine, and tamsulosin groups was 19.6 ± 5.85, 19.02 ± 5, and 20.58 ± 5.78 days, respectively (
p
< 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the number of daily colic episodes and total analgesic dosage required. However, a statistically significant difference was noted regarding stone density and hydronephrosis. It is concluded that L-arginine is more effective than tamsulosin in increasing the SER and reducing stone expulsion time, with better pain control, making it a safe and effective MET for ureteral stones.
Journal Article
Ejaculation preserving vs. standard transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Background
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard treatment for moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), offering significant symptom relief by enhancing urinary flow and lowering post-void residual (PVR) volume. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of ejaculation-preserving (EP) TURP versus standard TURP with respect to urinary function, erectile function, and ejaculatory preservation.
Methods
This randomized controlled study included 90 men with drug-refractory LUTS secondary to BPH, including patients with urinary retention, who underwent TURP. Participants were placed into two equal groups: Group 1: were subjected to EP-TURP, and group 2: underwent standard TURP.
Results
Ejaculatory preservation at three and six months was significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (81.4% vs. 19.51% and 79.07% vs. 19.51%, respectively;
P
< 0.001). IPSS showed no significant difference between groups at both follow-up points. PVR was significantly higher in Group 1 at three and six months (55 vs. 39 ml,
P
= 0.003; and 49 vs. 34 ml,
P
< 0.001). Qmax was lower in Group 1 at three months (19.04 ± 4.77 vs. 21.73 ± 4.63 ml/sec,
P
= 0.03) but comparable at six months. IIEF-5 scores were significantly better in Group 1 at both visits. Younger patients (< 60 years) had higher ejaculation preservation rates (
P
< 0.05) in EP-TURP cases. Intraoperative complications were lower with prostate volumes < 60 ml (
P
= 0.042). Operative time and sperm concentration were significantly reduced in Group 1.
Conclusions
EP-TURP was an effective alternative to standard TURP, maintaining similar voiding outcomes while providing superior erectile function and ejaculatory preservation, particularly in younger men.
Journal Article