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Supramolecular nanopatterns of arylene–alkynylene squares with side chains of different lengths are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy at the solid/liquid interface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Self-sorting leads to the intermolecular interdigitation of alkoxy side chains of identical length. Voids inside and between the squares are occupied by intercalated solvent molecules, which numbers depend on the sizes and shapes of the nanopores. In addition, planar and non-planar coronoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., butyloxy-substituted kekulene and octulene derivatives) are found to be able to intercalate into the intramolecular nanopores.

This paper presents the effect of the complex strain state resulting from the asymmetric rolling of TRB products on the changes and distribution of the stress state in the material. The evaluation of the stress state in the material was based on measurements of the magnetoelastic parameter (MP) using the Barkhausen magnetic noise method. The key characteristics of the material under study that enabled the use of changes in the MP parameter to assess the stress state were ferromagnetism and a lack of texture. The first of these enabled the detection of the magnetic signals produced when a magnetic field is applied to the material, causing magnetic domains to align and sudden changes in magnetization. On the other hand, the absence of texture in the material precluded the occurrence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which could disturb the results of measurements of the magnetoelastic parameter in the material. In order to determine these features in the material under study, its chemical composition was determined, and a phase analysis was carried out using the X-ray diffraction method. The results of these tests showed the possibility of determining the stress state of the material by means of changes in the values of the MP parameter. On this basis, it was shown that in the TRB strips studied, there is a complex state of stress, the values of which and the nature of the changes depending on the direction of the measurements carried out, as well as on the amount of rolling reduction in the studied area of the strip.

43,44,47,48‐Tetrathiaoctaphyrin (2.1.1.1.2.1.1.1), obtained in a concise synthesis, is found to adopt a C2‐symmetric figure‐eight conformation in solution and in the solid state. The macrocycle is globally nonaromatic but exhibits strong absorption in the visible and near‐infrared regions. Metalation of the octaphyrin with [RhI(CO)2Cl]2 produced an unprecedented dinuclear complex featuring two octahedral Rh(III) centers and four RhC bonds. The latter species is globally aromatic and has a distinct, quasi‐rectangular shape. Using an in‐depth NMR and computational analysis, the Rh2 complex is found to exhibit an unusual case of isomerism resulting from the combined effect of local helicity, conformationally locked trans‐vinylene bridges, and polar axial ligation. A figure‐eight‐shaped tetrathiaoctaphyrin (left) undergoes reversible redox and conformational switching upon coordination to two Rh(III) centers, yielding a globally aromatic [38]annulene structure (right). The Rh2 complex, formed via fourfold CH metalation, displays rare isomerism driven by local helicity and axial ligand switching.

Research background: Due to the rapid development of technology, the possibilities of entering new markets are changing. This is evident in the ease with which new companies enter new markets. Tools enabling the rapid transfer of information have meant that the classical stages of internationalization are often overlooked. Classic models of internationalization are often criticized, but this does not mean that there are no new models of internationalization. Considering the importance of start-ups in the economy, it is worth examining how they behave on international markets.Purpose of the article: The main goal of the paper is to answer the following research questions: What forms of foreign expansion do Polish start-ups choose? What methods and tools do Polish start-ups choose on their way to internationalization? What are the motives for the internationalization of Polish start-ups? What are the stages of internationalization of a Polish start-up company? The research hypothesis is as follows: the most common form of internationalization of Polish start-ups is export.Methods: The paper uses the following methods: critical analysis of the literature, online, paper and phone questionnaire and in-depth CATI interview. The data used in the article was collected by the author. The survey was conducted on a sample of 174 respondents, and the interview on a sample of 23 respondents. The study was conducted in the period from January 10, 2021 to January 7, 2023.Findings and value added: This paper is the first comprehensive study of Polish start-ups focusing on internationalization motives, tools, determinants and possible stages. The most common motives for the internationalization of Polish start-ups are reactive motives. Enterprises choose exports as a way to enter new markets. The main tools supporting internationalization are social media profiles run in a foreign language and a network of contacts composed of people from the entrepreneur’s environment. The research has shown that companies follow certain stages of internationalization.

Tło badawcze: W związku z szybkim rozwojem technologii zmieniają się możliwości wchodzenia na nowe rynki. Ma to swój wyraz w łatwości, z jaką nowe firmy wchodzą na nowe rynki. Narzędzia umożliwiające szybki transfer informacji sprawiły, że często pomijane są klasyczne etapy internacjonalizacji. Klasyczne modele internacjonalizacji są często krytykowane, nie oznacza to jednak, że nie powstają nowe modele internacjonalizacji. Biorąc pod uwagę znaczenie start-upów w gospodarce, warto przyjrzeć się temu, jak zachowują się na rynkach międzynarodowych. Cel artykułu: Głównym celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na następujące pytania badawcze: Jakie formy ekspansji zagranicznej wybierają polskie start-upy? Jakie metody i narzędzia internacjonalizacji wybierają polskie start-upy w drodze do internacjonalizacji? Jakie są motywy internacjonalizacji polskich start-upów? Jakie są etapy internacjonalizacji polskich start-upów? Hipoteza badawcza brzmi następująco: najczęstszą formą internacjonalizacji polskich start-upów jest eksport. Metody: W artykule zastosowano następujące metody: krytyczną analizę literatury, ankietę internetową, papierową i telefoniczną oraz wywiad pogłębiony CATI. Dane wykorzystane w artykule zostały zebrane przez autora. Badanie przeprowadzono na próbie 174 respondentów, a wywiad na próbie 23 respondentów. Badanie przeprowadzono w okresie od 10 stycznia 2021 r. do 7 stycznia 2023 r. Wyniki i wartość dodana: Niniejsza praca jest pierwszym kompleksowym badaniem polskich start-upów skupiającym się na motywach, narzędziach, determinantach i możliwych etapach internacjonalizacji. Najczęstszymi motywami internacjonalizacji polskich startupów są motywy reaktywne. Przedsiębiorstwa wybierają eksport jako sposób na wejście na nowe rynki. Głównymi narzędziami wspierającymi internacjonalizację są profile w mediach społecznościowych prowadzone w języku obcym oraz sieć kontaktów złożona z osób z otoczenia przedsiębiorcy. Badania wykazały, że przedsiębiorstwa przechodzą określone etapy internacjonalizacji. Research background: Due to the rapid development of technology, the possibilities of entering new markets are changing. This is evident in the ease with which new companies enter new markets. Tools enabling the rapid transfer of information have meant that the classical stages of internationalization are often overlooked. Classic models of internationalization are often criticized, but this does not mean that there are no new models of internationalization. Considering the importance of start-ups in the economy, it is worth examining how they behave on international markets. Purpose of the article: The main goal of the paper is to answer the following research questions: What forms of foreign expansion do Polish start-ups choose? What methods and tools do Polish start-ups choose on their way to internationalization? What are the motives for the internationalization of Polish start-ups? What are the stages of internationalization of a Polish start-up company? The research hypothesis is as follows: the most common form of internationalization of Polish start-ups is export. Methods: The paper uses the following methods: critical analysis of the literature, online, paper and phone questionnaire and in-depth CATI interview. The data used in the article was collected by the author. The survey was conducted on a sample of 174 respondents, and the interview on a sample of 23 respondents. The study was conducted in the period from January 10, 2021 to January 7, 2023. Findings and value added: This paper is the first comprehensive study of Polish start-ups focusing on internationalization motives, tools, determinants and possible stages. The most common motives for the internationalization of Polish start-ups are reactive motives. Enterprises choose exports as a way to enter new markets. The main tools supporting internationalization are social media profiles run in a foreign language and a network of contacts composed of people from the entrepreneur’s environment. The research has shown that companies follow certain stages of internationalization.

43,44,47,48‐Tetrathiaoctaphyrin (2.1.1.1.2.1.1.1), obtained in a concise synthesis, is found to adopt a C 2 ‐symmetric figure‐eight conformation in solution and in the solid state. The macrocycle is globally nonaromatic but exhibits strong absorption in the visible and near‐infrared regions. Metalation of the octaphyrin with [Rh I (CO) 2 Cl] 2 produced an unprecedented dinuclear complex featuring two octahedral Rh(III) centers and four RhC bonds. The latter species is globally aromatic and has a distinct, quasi‐rectangular shape. Using an in‐depth NMR and computational analysis, the Rh 2 complex is found to exhibit an unusual case of isomerism resulting from the combined effect of local helicity, conformationally locked trans ‐vinylene bridges, and polar axial ligation.

Dysfunction of myocardium as a result of ischemia/reperfusion during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is currently one of the biggest problems in cardiovascular surgery. In previous studies, it has been well established that activated leukocytes and coronary vascular endothelial cells play an important role in the development of cardiac tissue damage during ischemia followed by reperfusion. Interactions between both of these cell types require the expression of adhesion molecules on their surface. In certain conditions, on cell activation, the adhesion proteins may be released from activated cells in soluble form into circulation. The purpose of our study was to establish whether the use of blood cardioplegia modifies plasma levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin) in comparison with crystalloid cardioplegia in patients undergoing CABG. Patients undergoing CABG were classified into two groups to receive cold crystalloid cardioplegia (St. Thomas’ Hospital) or cold blood cardioplegia (method of Buckberg), followed by a “warm-shot” of the solution. Coronary sinus and arterial blood samples were obtained from 50 patients (42 men and 8 women; age range, 34 to 73 years) before aortic cross-clamping, at the beginning of reperfusion, and after 30 min of reperfusion. Plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The transcardiac release of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion during CABG was evident in both groups of patients. However, the increase of soluble forms of both of these adhesion proteins was more significant in the group of patients receiving crystalloid cardioplegia. Crystalloid cardioplegia resulted in decreased plasma level of sE-selectin in the coronary sinus blood sample after 30 min of reperfusion. No significant changes in plasma levels of sL-selectin in either group were observed. Cardioplegia may affect the release of soluble forms of adhesion molecules from ischemic myocardium and modify endothelium activation in patients undergoing CABG.

Dysfunction of myocardium as a result of ischemia/reperfusion during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is currently one of the biggest problems in cardiovascular surgery. In previous studies, it has been well established that activated leukocytes and coronary vascular endothelial cells play an important role in the development of cardiac tissue damage during ischemia followed by reperfusion. Interactions between both of these cell types require the expression of adhesion molecules on their surface. In certain conditions, on cell activation, the adhesion proteins may be released from activated cells in soluble form into circulation. The purpose of our study was to establish whether the use of blood cardioplegia modifies plasma levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin) in comparison with crystalloid cardioplegia in patients undergoing CABG. Patients undergoing CABG were classified into two groups to receive cold crystalloid cardioplegia (St. Thomas' Hospital) or cold blood cardioplegia (method of Buckberg), followed by a \"warm-shot\" of the solution. Coronary sinus and arterial blood samples were obtained from 50 patients (42 men and 8 women; age range, 34 to 73 years) before aortic cross-clamping, at the beginning of reperfusion, and after 30 min of reperfusion. Plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The transcardiac release of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion during CABG was evident in both groups of patients. However, the increase of soluble forms of both of these adhesion proteins was more significant in the group of patients receiving crystalloid cardioplegia. Crystalloid cardioplegia resulted in decreased plasma level of sE-selectin in the coronary sinus blood sample after 30 min of reperfusion. No significant changes in plasma levels of sL-selectin in either group were observed. Cardioplegia may affect the release of soluble forms of adhesion molecules from ischemic myocardium and modify endothelium activation in patients undergoing CABG.