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Exposure to high levels of air pollution and extreme heat stress has been individually linked to significant health and economic problems in India. However, not much is known about the threats resulting from the co-occurrence of these hazards, which have common meteorological drivers. In this study, we perform a country-wide joint risk analysis at the district level, examining the risks of chronic exposure to the joint extremes of particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) pollution (PM 2.5 , mass of particles smaller than 2.5 µ m in diameter) and heat stress (wet bulb globe temperature) in the presence of geophysical and socioeconomic vulnerability. We find that northern, central, and eastern India are at alarming levels of joint risk, potentially exposing 61% (∼842 million) of the population and 56% (∼1.84 million km²) of land area. Spatially differentiated drivers of joint risk are high levels of PM 2.5 in northern India, high heat hazards in northern and eastern India, and high vulnerability in the central and eastern states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Odisha. Region-specific response actions for long-term risk mitigation include reducing emissions from residential and agricultural biomass combustion and industrial coal-burning sources, as well as addressing the challenges of housing, healthcare delivery, and economic conditions in central and eastern India. A coordinated policy framework aimed at tackling individual hazards is vital to alleviating these joint risks.

Targeting urban air quality improvements in India, the National Clean Air Program (NCAP) was launched in 2019 to reduce PM2.5 concentrations by 20%–30% in 122 initial cities over a 7 year period (2017–2024). However, considering the regional nature of air pollution nationwide and the significant emission load from rural areas, a potentially large fraction of urban PM2.5 might originate from emissions outside of a city’s boundary, i.e. transboundary emissions. Here, we couple top-down (STILT-PM2.5) and bottom-up (WRF-Chem) modeling approaches with a new, nationwide, monthly-resolved, and fine-scale (5 km × 5 km) anthropogenic emission inventory to assess the impact of transboundary emissions to urban PM2.5 concentrations across 143 cities (122 NCAP and 67 million plus -cities with population >1 million, among which 46 cities are also NCAP cities). We find that, on average, ∼85% (STILT-PM2.5: 82% [95% CI: 80–85%; IQR: 77%–94%] & WRF-Chem: 89% [95% CI: 87%–91%; IQR: 88%–96%]) of urban PM2.5 across the 143 cities originates from transboundary emissions, with domestic biomass burning (32%), energy generation (16%) and industry (15%) being the leading average emission sources to the transboundary contribution. In addition, 107 of the 122 NCAP cities from both modeling approaches have annual transboundary PM2.5 contributions exceeding 80%, indicating that an entire mitigation of within-boundary emissions alone in these cities will not achieve the most conservative targets outlined as part of NCAP. Our findings underscore the need for multi-scale, regional action planning and implementation to achieve PM2.5-air quality targets throughout India.

Targeting urban air quality improvements in India, the National Clean Air Program (NCAP) was launched in 2019 to reduce PM 2.5 concentrations by 20%–30% in 122 initial cities over a 7 year period (2017–2024). However, considering the regional nature of air pollution nationwide and the significant emission load from rural areas, a potentially large fraction of urban PM 2.5 might originate from emissions outside of a city’s boundary, i.e. transboundary emissions. Here, we couple top-down (STILT-PM 2.5 ) and bottom-up (WRF-Chem) modeling approaches with a new, nationwide, monthly-resolved, and fine-scale (5 km × 5 km) anthropogenic emission inventory to assess the impact of transboundary emissions to urban PM 2.5 concentrations across 143 cities (122 NCAP and 67 million plus -cities with population >1 million, among which 46 cities are also NCAP cities). We find that, on average, ∼85% (STILT-PM 2.5 : 82% [95% CI: 80–85%; IQR: 77%–94%] & WRF-Chem: 89% [95% CI: 87%–91%; IQR: 88%–96%]) of urban PM 2.5 across the 143 cities originates from transboundary emissions, with domestic biomass burning (32%), energy generation (16%) and industry (15%) being the leading average emission sources to the transboundary contribution. In addition, 107 of the 122 NCAP cities from both modeling approaches have annual transboundary PM 2.5 contributions exceeding 80%, indicating that an entire mitigation of within-boundary emissions alone in these cities will not achieve the most conservative targets outlined as part of NCAP. Our findings underscore the need for multi-scale, regional action planning and implementation to achieve PM 2.5 -air quality targets throughout India.

Haora district is popular mainly for its developed economy as well as the heritage of British India. Here, the service and industrial sectors, both, are playing a significant role in the districts economy, whereas, the contribution of agricultural sector is negligible. From the study, it is observed that the district has no such strong base in agricultural sector. Mainly, the industrial sector had dominated the economy up to the year 1993; but after that, the dominancy shifted towards the service sector. This sector is still growing and huge employment opportunities have been generated since 1993 until now. However, the recent growth of commercialization and industrialization has made a good scope for horticulture crops. Here, an attempt has been done to find out the opportunities of horticulture in recent industrial and commercial economy and analyse the economic potentialities of different horticulture crops. In that case, primary and secondary data, both, have been used. Field survey has been done here to find out the producers’ outcome of some specific horticulture crops and secondary data have been collected from different government reports, articles, internet sources, etc.

Women empowerment refers to the development of a suitable environment for women. In the contemporary world, gender equality is considered as a paramount important part of social development. By empowering the women, the dream of ‘gender equality’ can be achieved. Empowerment of women not only makes a woman economically viable but also provides her respects, freedom of thoughts and reduces the violence against women. This study is basically analytical and empirical in nature and focuses on some specific ways of empowering women in rural areas of Churchu block of Hazaribagh district, with a special reference to Self-Help Group (SHG). The main source of livelihood in this block is agriculture, though the people are also depended on the other occupations, i.e. animal husbandry, daily wage labour, non-timber forest product collection and production, etc. SHG has enhanced the potential livelihood-promotion activities by establishing a common mutual understanding and social bonding among the women. This paper explains the causes for joining the SHG, the socioeconomic condition of beneficiaries, the potential women leadership, different types of benefits from SHG and the success of SHGs as a platform of women-led development. In this area, how economic condition is developing through SHG has been find out from this study. The problems related to SHGs are in sight with suggestions.

Background Injury related to self-harm is one of the leading causes of global disease burden. As a formative work for a programme to implement comprehensive mental healthcare in a rural district in Ethiopia, we determined the 12-month prevalence of non-fatal suicidal behaviour as well as factors associated with this behaviour to understand the potential burden of the behaviour in the district. Method Population-based ( n  = 1485) and facility-based ( n  = 1014) cross-sectional surveys of adults, using standardised, interview-based measures for suicidality (items on suicide from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview), depressive symptoms (the Patient Health Questionnaire) and alcohol use disorders (Alcohol Use Disorder Investigation Test; AUDIT). Results The overall 12-month prevalence of non-fatal suicidal behaviour, consisting of suicidal ideation, plan and attempt, was 7.9 % (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 6.8 % to 8.9 %). The prevalence was significantly higher in the facility sample (10.3 %) compared with the community sample (6.3 %). The 12-month prevalence of suicide attempt was 4.4 % (95 % CI = 3.6 % to 5.3 %), non-significantly higher among the facility sample (5.4 %) compared with the community sample (3.8 %). Over half of those with suicidal ideation (56.4 %) transitioned from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt. Younger age, harmful use of alcohol and higher depression scores were associated significantly with increased non-fatal suicidal behaviours. The only factor associated with transition from suicidal ideation to suicide attempt was high depression score. Only 10.5 % of the sample with suicidal ideation had received any treatment for their suicidal behaviour: 10.8 % of the community sample and 10.2 % of the facility sample. Although help seeking increased with progression from ideation to attempt, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion Non-fatal suicidal behaviour is an important public health problem in this rural district. A more in-depth understanding of the context of the occurrence of the behaviour, improving access to care and targeting depression and alcohol use disorder are important next steps. The role of other psychosocial factors should also be explored to assist the provision of holistic care.

Bilateral pneumothorax is very rare in childhood. Moreover, if it is due to pulmonary involvement of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, it is even rarer in childhood. In our case, a nonsmoker 12-year-old boy presented with bilateral pneumothorax, whose high-resolution computed tomography scan was highly suggestive of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Excision biopsy of a clinically palpable cervical lymph node and histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry positivity for CD1a indicated a diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Clinicians should consider pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in differential diagnoses in dealing such a case.

We present the gluon generalized TMDs for non-zero skewness and Wigner distributions in the boost invariant longitudinal space. The boost-invariant longitudinal space is defined as \\(\\sigma=\\frac{1}{2}b^-\\Delta^+\\) and is conjugate to the skewness variable \\(\\xi\\). We use the dressed quark model, where a high-energetic quark is dressed by a gluon. This two-particle system has the advantage of addressing both the gluon and the quark sectors. The different contributions in Wigner distributions coming from different polarization of gluon and the dressed quark system are investigated. The Wigner distributions are obtained by taking the Fourier transformation of generalized TMDs, which we derive for the first time for non-zero skewness in dressed quark model.

The boost-invariant longitudinal space, defined by the parameter \\(\\sigma=\\frac{1}{2}b^-P^+\\) can be studied from the Fourier transformation of distributions over the conjugate variable skewness \\(\\xi\\). We investigate quark Wigner distributions in the \\(\\sigma\\) space in dressed quark model and found diffraction patterns that are analogous to the single slit experiment of light in optics. The width of the central maxima varies with energy transfer to the system and essentially \\(\\xi\\) behaves like a slit-width. Qualitatively similar diffraction pattern is reported recently in other models. In this model, we compute all the leading twist GTMDs with non-zero skewness for quarks which provides Wigner distributions under Fourier transformation.