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\"At the turn of the century, three prominent families shaped the construction of modern-day Gotham City. Now a madman with 300 pounds of explosives and a century-old grudge is threatening to bring it all crashing down. Beginning with the simultaneous destruction of some of Gotham's oldest bridges, the mysterious villain is targeting the holdings and legacies of Gotham's most notable families--including the Waynes. To uncover the truth behind the villainous Architect and his link to the city's violent past, Batman unites with Robin, Red Robin and Batman Inc.'s Hong Kong operative, the Black Bat. But can they stop their new foe's plans before it's too late? The future of Gotham started with an explosion, and it could end the very same way.\"-- Provided by publisher.

This paper discusses the status of island phenomena in Avatime, an endangered Kwa language of Ghana. We focus on clausal adjuncts, specifically noun complement clauses (NCCs). We show that while standard adjuncts are strong islands in Avatime, NCCs allow argument extraction. We suggest that this is related to the fact that NCCs in Avatime are not a type of relative clause. Instead, NCCs involve a kind of serial verb construction, which independently allows for extraction.

\"Battling both inner and external demons, Stephanie must learn to balance school and crime-fighting or face the wrath of Barbara Gordon! With guest appearences from Batman and Robin and villains like Man-Bat and Clayface, Batgirl must step up to the mantle! Batgirl must battle the Calculator and stop his plan to unleash a nanovirus upon the citizens of Gotham City that will turn them into mindless techno-zombies, enter the FLOOD!\"-- Provided by publisher.

This paper argues based on data from Uyghur (Turkic) that clausal complementation structures involving a special form of the verb ‘say’ are actually adjunct clauses headed by the verb ‘say’ that merge at two heights: VP or TP. I demonstrate that properties unique to ‘say’ as a main verb extend to ‘say’ in these adjunct clauses. Accusative subjects are a primary focus, where it is shown that the re-analysis of clausal complementation has implications for Case Theory in Uyghur and beyond.

\"One of the greatest storytellers of his generation, Grant Morrison's arrival onto the Dark Knight was one of the most hyped debuts in industry history. This collection includes time-spanning epic graphic novels featuring the cataclysmic events of FINAL CRISIS and the introduction of Batman's son, Damian Wayne! These blockbuster stories featured a deconstruction of super hero comics like never before, with challenging, thought-provoking takes on the modern, four-color icons.\"-- Provided by publisher.

Turkic languages have been shown to form words using a wide range of word-formation strategies, such as suffixation, cliticization, and auxiliaries. The present paper offers a detailed description of word formation in Uyghur, compares the patterns in Uyghur with the prior literature on Turkic, offers explicit diagnostics for suffixes and clitics, and proposes a morpho-syntactic analysis for each strategy.

This paper argues that the Turkic auxiliary construction –(İ)p bol–, at least in Uyghur and Uzbek, is actually a pair of auxiliaries with distinct meanings. The first auxiliary is described as expressing “full completion” of the event, but its use is highly restricted, to events with incremental or universally quantified themes. Using targeted context-based elicitation, we find that the expression of completion is indirect. Instead, the auxiliary asserts that the event description is homomorphic, in that all of its events are both event-mapped and theme-mapped. Homomorphism requires every part of the theme to undergo a part of the event, and this derives the reported sense of completion. The second auxiliary is not attested in the literature. It applies to all kinds of events, and expresses what we call “content satisfaction,” the conventional implicature that the event as described satisfies some salient propositional content by rendering it true. For instance, it makes part of a plan come to fruition. This plan is presupposed, and the content is accessible through a content-generating function. We apply the methodologies of formal semantic fieldwork to tease these auxiliaries apart, including scope tests that apply differently to the two auxiliaries. Having distinguished them, we suggest new ways to typologically distinguish Turkic auxiliaries and auxiliaries cross-linguistically.

This paper investigates serial verb constructions (SVC) in Ibibio, a Niger-Congo language spoken in Nigeria

What happens when software project funding is temporarily cut off and then restored at a later date? Although project funding gaps clearly result in software delivery delays, it is difficult to understand the causes and estimate the relative magnitude of the impact. This article uses System Dynamics modeling to examine how gaps in funding affect software development productivity and product delivery delay. Results provide software engineering managers with an improved sense of the negative effect of budget fluctuations. Two key insights for practicing engineering managers include a Ramp Up Tax that slows development and a Gap Tax due to the loss of project-related skill and familiarity when developers are transferred off a project and then return. Model experiments presented allow managers to compare the impact of temporarily stopping a project versus stretching out a project by temporarily reducing the funding level. Both the model and the patterns of results can provide project managers with a stronger basis for explaining the negative effects of funding gaps to senior leadership and funding managers.

This dissertation investigates the syntax and semantics of the verb \"say'' and clausal complementation involving the verb \"say''. Clausal complementation involving the verb \"say'' is among the most common strategies implemented across the world's languages and they exhibit morpho-syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties that differ from other types of clausal complementation. The goal of this dissertation is to offer a syntactic analysis that offers an explanation for these differences. Each language that has \"say'' complementation also has a grammatical mechanism whose responsibility is to link verbs to form complex predicates. The null hypothesis in this dissertation is that \"say'' complementation does not involve a \"complementizer'', but instead involves a clause containing the verb \"say'' that adjoins to the matrix clause. The three questions taken up are as follows: (i) What are the morpho-syntactic and semantic properties of the verb \"say''?, (ii) What are the morpho-syntactic and semantic properties of the clause-linking mechanism, and (iii) Do \"\"say'' complementation structures exhibit the properties of \"say'' in a serialization structure? These questions are answered based primarily on data from Uyghur, English, and Avatime.Chapter One introduces discussion of the main puzzles, introduces background information about Uyghur and Avatime, and introduces a brief literature review that this dissertation builds on. Methodological information is also provided within the discussion of each language.Chapter Two introduces in-depth discussion of the verb \"say'' in English. Building upon intuitions presented in Grimshaw (2015), a morpho-syntactic analysis of the verb ''say'' as the overt realization of an abstract \"Light Verb'' SAY is provided. It is shown that \"say'' alternates between being stative and dynamic, which has effects on argument structure. More specifically, only dynamic \"say'' is capable of licensing a Goal argument and an Agent, while stative \"say'' introduces only Linguistic Material (what was said) and its source. It is further shown that \"say'' is unique with respect to the range of internal arguments that it can take relative to other predicates. Based on a ``Flavours of little v'' analysis (Folli & Harley, 2005), it is argued that stative ``say'' involves a truncated structure embedded under vBE, which lacks all syntactic structure responsible for eventive/agentive semantics, while dynamic/eventive \"say'' involves a non-truncated structure. It is finally argued that certain predicates, such as ``scream'' manner adjoins to vDO, which prevents the predicate SAY from getting pronounced. The Chapter ends with discussion of the stative/eventive alternation in Avatime, which is reflected by the presence/absence of agreement morphology in the language.Chapter Three demonstrates that Uyghur shows the same stative versus eventive alternation observed for English, but further demonstrates that Uyghur \"say'' is unique in many ways that are distinct from English. Building upon Sudo (2012) and Shklovsky & Sudo (2014), it is argued that \"say'' is uniquely able to introduce a nominalized complement clause or a tensed complement clause, the latter of which resembles a finite (root) clause. It is proposed that the seemingly finite CPs vary in size. The larger CPs host monstrous or quotative operators that trigger Indexical Shift, which enable full feature transmission from C-to-T, yielding what looks like a root clause as it relates to case and agreement. \"Say'' additionally introduces a defective (reduced) CP, which does not allow full transmission of features, forcing the embedded subject to raise for case and resulting in default agreement on the embedded verb.Chapter Four offers an analysis of converbial constructions in Uyghur, which is the suffix found on the ``say'' element in Uyghur \"say'' complementation structures. It is shown that the converbial suffix has two adjunction sites: VP and TP, which has interpretive consequences. Novel data demonstrates that the distribution of converbial clauses in general account for the distribution of \"say'' complementation structures, followed by demonstrating that the properties of \"say'' illustrated in Chapter Three are similarly observed in \"say'' complementation structures, offering a syntactic account for observations made in Messick (2017) and explaining various unexplained issues described in Sudo (2012) and Shklovsky & Sudo (2014). The chapter concludes by offering brief discussion of the equivent structures in Avatime, demonstrating that its ``say'' complementation structures are built upon Nuclear Serial Verb Constructions in the language, which is functionally similar to converbial construcitons in Uyghur. For both languages, I conclude that \"say'' complementation structures are truly adjunction structures where ``say'' introduces a clausal complement, not classical CPs.Chapter Five offers discussion of Case Theory on the basis of the analysis in Chapter 4. Baker & Vinokurova (2010) and Baker (2015) introduce discussion of Sakha (Turkic) which has \"say'' complementation structures that are nearly identical to Uyghur. They argue in favor of Dependent Case Theory to account for the distribution of accusative case, on the basis of accusative case showing up in environments that seem to lack a verb capable of licensing accusative case. I demonstrate that in most environments, the verb \"say'' is present and capable of licensing accusative case. I conclude that the analysis of complementation in Chapter Four resurrects the debate between Dependent Case Theory and classical theories of case assignment, but suggest that even if we adopt Dependent Case Theory, the analysis in Chapter Four improves its explanatory power.