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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1553845.].

The correctional “ageing crisis” underlined by accelerated ageing, attributed to a prior history of poor health and lifestyle choices amongst prisoners, and other imprisonment-related factors has been associated with a global burgeoning burden of cognitive impairment in prison settings. Cognitive impairment imposes a crucial, urgent economic and medical challenge for carceral healthcare systems. Further, lack of awareness and absence of regular diagnostic screenings and lack of implementation of appropriate interventions in the prison settings worsen the scenario. Amongst the limited efficacy and reported side effects of pharmacological treatments for cognitive dysfunction, Yoga, a cost-effective and scalable intervention could provide better avenues for halting cognitive deterioration in elderly prisoners. This article presents a perspective on how the adaptation of Yoga-based regimes in carceral settings could improve the needs of people with cognitive deficits across Indian prison settings. However, we also emphasize the need to understand the essence of readiness to achieve clinical effectiveness for combating cognitive deterioration, via the implementation of well-structured Yoga based rehabilitative programs.

The impact of hypothyroidism on quality of life is extensively documented, highlighting its substantial physical, psychological, and social burden. Yoga has demonstrated promising therapeutic benefits in improving hypothyroidism outcomes. Leveraging telehealth's growth, this study used a rigorously designed scientific yoga module specifically tailored for digital delivery for patients with hypothyroidism undergoing levothyroxine treatment. This study aimed to assess the impact of a 6-month tele-yoga intervention in patients with hypothyroidism by comparing outcomes between those receiving levothyroxine combined with tele-yoga and those receiving only levothyroxine treatment. A single-blinded, 2-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted for 6 months (April 1, 2022-September 30, 2022) with 134 clinically diagnosed patients with hypothyroidism recruited from the Arogyadhama Holistic Health Home registry (2013-2021). Participants were randomized to either a yoga intervention group or a waitlist control group with 67 in each group and assessed at 3 time points (before, in the middle of, and after the intervention) for primary and secondary outcomes. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey for health-related quality of life was used as a primary measure, whereas secondary measures included thyroid profile, BMI, blood pressure, the Fatigue Assessment Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Gita Inventory of Personality. Clinical data were collected via online questionnaires, and laboratory data (thyroid profile blood pressure and anthropometric measurements) were obtained in person using standardized instruments. A generalized linear model with repeated-measure ANOVA was used to evaluate both within- and between-group effects. In addition, in the yoga intervention group, performance was assessed using a yoga performance assessment scale, and satisfaction was measured through a structured feedback survey. The intervention showed highly significant effects across all domains of the primary outcome measure (P<.001), with the most notable effects on mental health (F =425.88; η =0.88), energy and vitality (F =371.73; η =0.86), and role limitations-emotional (F =335.45; η =0.85). Secondary measures also showed significant improvements (P<.001), except for thyroxine (P<.014). Average yoga performance assessment scores increased significantly from 65.08 (SD 10.97) to 88.62 (SD 11.18; P<.001), indicating that most participants could easily perform the practices. Overall, 95% (64/67) of the participants in the yoga intervention group expressed high satisfaction with the tele-yoga intervention. This clinical trial is the first to demonstrate the benefits of a digitally delivered scientific yoga module combined with levothyroxine treatment for hypothyroidism. It highlights the efficacy of instructor-led tele-yoga as a scalable eHealth intervention, enhancing accessibility, long-term engagement, and sustainable health outcomes. Patients receiving tele-yoga alongside levothyroxine showed significantly greater improvements than those on levothyroxine alone, highlighting the value of integrating eHealth into thyroid care for a more comprehensive, patient-centered approach. Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2022/03/041047; https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=NjY5NzI.

This study reports the 15th year follow-up of a previously reported monocentric, randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of yoga vs. conventional exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on mortality and major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in middle-aged, male patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Three hundred male patients, aged 53.32 (SD, 6.72) years, were recruited for CABG at Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, India, in 2005, followed by random assignment into a yoga-based cardiac rehabilitation program (YCRP) or conventional exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program (CCRP). This legacy study reports the extended follow-up outcomes for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events for a median of 14·14 years (IQR 13.82–14.47) since randomisation in 2005. The YCRP group received lectures on yoga philosophy combined with sequential phase-wise administration of yoga modules suited for their pre-and post-operative health status with gradual phase-wise addition of physical postures to initially administered relaxation-based techniques, under continued home-based practice model monitored telephonically until 12 months post-surgery related discharge from the hospital. The CCRP group received conventional exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation with similar phase-wise administration. Both study groups were under continued outpatient department-based care with 6 monthly review sessions until 2020. The exploratory follow-up outcomes [the all-cause mortality, and the major adverse cardiac events (MACE)] were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach comparing the initially randomized study groups. MACE was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke. The study staff determined the occurrence of death from the medical records or telephonic calls and ascertained it by matching and identifying information reported by participants/or their family members. The Cox proportional hazard estimates and Kaplan-Meier Curve with Log-rank test estimates were used to compare the mortality and MACE outcomes between the study groups. Participants of the YCRP group exhibited significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 0.41 (95% CI = 0.16–0.91, P  = 0.02)] and trends of reduction in MACE outcomes [HR = 0.57 (95% CI = 0·30–1.04, P  = 0.065)] compared to the CCRP. No significant interaction effects were observed between the intervention and the baseline covariates, such as age, ejection fraction values, or presence of comorbidities. This first-ever long-term follow-up established the survival advantage of the YCRP over CCRP for patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The results support the utility of yoga-based CR as an alternative to CCRP in low-resource settings.

Introduction The recent development of robust indices to quantify biological aging, along with the dynamic epidemiological transitions of population aging generate the unmet need to examine the extent up to which potential interventions can delay, halt or temporarily modulate aging trajectories. Methods and analysis The study is a two-armed, open label randomised controlled trial. We aim to recruit 166 subjects, aged 60–75 years from the residential communities and old age clubs in Bangalore city, India, who will undergo randomisation into intervention or control arms (1:1). Intervention will include yoga sessions tailored for the older adults, 1 h per day for 5 days a week, spread for 12 months. Data would be collected at the baseline, 26 th week and 52 nd week. The primary outcome of the study is estimation in biological age with yoga practice. The secondary outcomes will include cardinal mechanistic indicators of aging- telomere length, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNF-RII), high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP)], insulin signaling [insulin and IGF1], renal function [cystatin], senescence [growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF-15)] and cardiovascular function [N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNP)] . Analyses will be by intention-to-treat model. Ethics & dissemination The study is approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bangalore (ID:RES/IEC-SVYASA/242/2022). Written informed consent will be obtained from each participant prior to inclusion. Trial registration number CTRI/2022/07/044442.

Purpose To study the effectiveness of diabetic yoga protocol (DYP) against management of cardiovascular risk profile in a high-risk community for diabetes, from Chandigarh, India. Methods The study was a randomized controlled trial, conducted as a sub study of the Pan India trial Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharath (NMB) . The cohort was identified through the Indian Diabetes Risk Scoring (IDRS) (≥ 60) and a total of 184 individuals were randomized into intervention (n = 91) and control groups (n = 93). The DYP group underwent the specific DYP training whereas the control group followed their daily regimen. The study outcomes included changes in glycemic and lipid profile. Analysis was done under intent-to-treat principle. Results The 3 months DYP practice showed diverse results showing glycemic and lipid profile of the high risk individuals. Three months of DYP intervention was found to significantly reduce the levels of post-prandial glucose levels (p = 0.035) and LDL-c levels (p = 0.014) and waist circumference (P = 0.001). Conclusion The findings indicate that the DYP intervention could improve the metabolic status of the high-diabetes-risk individuals with respect to their glucose tolerance and lipid levels, partially explained by the reduction in abdominal obesity. The study highlights the potential role of yoga intervention in real time improvement of cardiovascular profile in a high diabetes risk cohort. Trial registration: CTRI, CTRI/2018/03/012804. Registered 01 March 2018—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ctri.nic.in/ CTRI/2018/03/012804.

Prolonged standing is a part of several professions, which can have physical and psychosocial implications. Yoga as a mind-body therapy may be useful to prevent and manage such health issues. However, there is a lack of a standardized yoga module addressing the health issues of workers with prolonged standing. Thus, the present study was undertaken to design and validate a specific yoga module for the target population. A yoga module was prepared by reviewing yoga texts for the specific needs of the target population. This was validated for content validity for the experts on a Likert scale. 71 yoga experts validated the module. The content validity ratio (CVR) above 0.70 was considered to be valid. The validated yoga module consists of joint loosening and strengthening exercises, asana, pranayama and relaxation techniques. The average CVR for the module was found to be 0.80. The designed yoga module is found to be valid by the experts. The module needs to be assessed for feasibility and efficacy in the target population.

This multicentre retrospective study examined the effects of adjunct yoga-treatment in achieving composite cardiovascular goals for type 2 diabetes (T2D), set forth by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in rural Indian settings. Records were extracted for 146 T2D patients, aged ≥20–70 years, and treated under the “Apollo Total Health Programme” for rural diabetes management, for the period April 2016 to November 2016. The study cohort comprised of two treatment groups (n = 73 each); non-yoga group (standard of care) and yoga group (adjunct yoga-treatment). Propensity score matching was applied between the study groups to define the cohort. Composite cardiovascular scores were based on the combination of individual ADA goals; A1c < 7%, blood pressure (BP) < 140/90 mmHg, stringent BP (<130/80 mmHg) and lipid, LDL-C < 100 mg/dl [risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease]. Logistic regression was used to compare between the two treatment groups. Compared to standard of care, adjunct yoga-treatment was found to significantly facilitate the attainment of ADA composite score by 8-fold; A1c, ~2-fold; LDL-C, ~2-fold; BP < 140/90 mmHg and <130/80 mmHg by ~8-and ~6-fold respectively. This study provides the first evidence for significant efficacy of adjunct yoga-treatment for the attainment of favourable treatment goals for T2D in rural Indian settings. Clinical Trial Registration Number: CTRI/2020/02/0232790